Which valves would you hear S1 best?
lub sound
atrioventricular valves – mitral and tricuspid
Which valves would hear S2 best?
dub sound
semilunar valves- aortic and pulmonic
what is preload
amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole.
when the ventricles are filling, remember starling’s law the greater the stretch the bigger the fill the the stronger the pump.
What is afterload?
is the force the ventricles must exert to push blood out systemically.
what are the common concerns?
- chest pain
- diaphoresis
- nocturia
- dyspnea/orthopnea
- palpitations
- fatigue/ syncope
- edema
define diaphoresis
usual sweating
define nocturia
condition that you wake up at night to urinate
define dyspnea
shortness of breath
define orthopnea
SOB while lying down
define palpitations
sensation of heart pounding/racing
define syncope
fainting or passing out
define edema
swelling caused by excess fluid build up in tissues
define anemia
lack of RBC to carry O2 to tissues
What topics should be discussed about behavior?
- Alcohol
- Cigarettes
- Drug use
- Diet & salt use
- Exercise frequently
- Sexuality
- Weight gain or loss
What topics should be discussed about the environment?
- medications
- personality type
- occupation
- exposure to hazardous substances
define cyanosis
inadequate circulation
define hypoxia
lack of oxygen reaching tissues
define carotid artery stenosis
the narrowing of the carotid arteries, usually caused by atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is the buildup of cholesterol, fat and other substances traveling through the bloodstream
what does a weak carotid artery pulse indicate?
- carotid stenosis
what does an absent carotid pulse indicate?
asystole (cessation of electrical and mechanical activity of the heart)
What is the jugular venous pressure (JVP)?
- Measurement of the highest oscillation point (meniscus) of the jugular venous pulsations
- measured using internal jugular vein
What is JVD?
elevated JVP that causes the jugular vein to bulge/distend
which jugular vein do you use to measure JVD
external jugular vein (specifically right side)
what does it mean when the neck veins are distended?
there is too much fluid on the right side of the heart, causing blood to be backed up
