cardiovascular

Question 1

what are the layers of the heart wall

Answer 1

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

Question 2

what layer contains the cardiac muscle cells

Answer 2

myocardium

Question 3

how many layers are in the pericardium

Answer 3

3 fibrous, parietal, visceral

Question 4

what are the specific characteristics of cardiac muscle

Answer 4

striated, intercalated discs,

Question 5

how many valves are in the heart

Answer 5

4 (atrioventricular valves) tricuspid, mitral valve
(semilunar valves) pulmonary, aortic

Question 6

how many flow circuits are in the heart

Answer 6

2 pulmonary, systemic

Question 7

what is the epicardium continuous with

Answer 7

pericardium (visceral pericardium)

Question 8

what are the layers of the parietal pericardium

Answer 8

outer layer (fibrous tissue)
middle layer (areolar tissue)
inner layer (mesothelium)

Question 9

what do the intercalated disc in the cardiac muscle allow

Answer 9

synchronous contraction

Question 10

which valve prevents backflow into the right ventricle

Answer 10

pulmonary

Question 11

which valve prevents backflow into the left ventricle

Answer 11

aortic valve

Question 12

which valve prevents backflow into the right atrium

Answer 12

tricuspid

Question 13

which valve prevents backflow into the left atrium

Answer 13

mitral valves

Question 14

what circuit pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Answer 14

pulmonary

Question 15

what circuit pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

Answer 15

systemic

Question 16

what coronary artery supplies blood the SA/AV nodes of the heart

Answer 16

right coronary artery

Question 17

what is systole

Answer 17

ventricular contraction
atrial relaxation

Question 18

what is the sound is occurring during systole

Answer 18

S1

Question 19

what is diastole

Answer 19

ventricular relaxation
atrial relaxation

Question 20

what sound is occurring during diastole

Answer 20

S2

Question 21

what is the percentage of blood flow is in the veins systemically

Answer 21

65%

Question 22

end diastolic volume (EDV)

Answer 22

the amount of blood in the left ventricle before contraction

Question 23

end systolic volume (ESV)

Answer 23

the amount of blood remaining in the left ventricle after contraction

Question 24

stroke volume

Answer 24

the amount of blood ejected per contraction

Question 25

ejection fraction

Answer 25

the percentage of EDV represented SV

Question 26

cardiac output

Answer 26

the volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one minute

Question 27

preload

Answer 27

the volume of blood in the left ventricle before contraction

Question 28

afterload

Answer 28

the resistance the left ventricle needs to overcome to eject blood

Question 29

what is the formula for CO

Answer 29

HR X SV =CO

Question 30

the formula for SV

Answer 30

EDV - ESV = SV

Question 31

EDV

Answer 31

the amount of blood in the left ventricle before contraction

Question 32

ESV

Answer 32

the amount of blood remaining in the left ventricle after contraction

Question 33

SV stroke volume

Answer 33

the volume of blood ejected per contraction

Question 34

EF =ejection fraction

Answer 34

the percentage of EDV represented by SV

Question 35

CO cardiac output

Answer 35

the volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one minute

Question 36

preload

Answer 36

the volume of blood in the left ventricle before contraction

Question 37

afterload

Answer 37

the resistance the left needs to overcome to eject blood

Question 38

venous return

Answer 38

blood flow from the veins back to the atria

Question 39

frank-starling mechanism

Answer 39

the relationship between ventricular contraction strength and myocardial stretch

Question 40

elastic arteries

Answer 40

conducting arteries with lots of elastin, allowing expansion and contraction

Question 41

muscular arteries

Answer 41

distributing arteries carrying blood to organs and distant body parts

Question 42

arterioles

Answer 42

small arteries regulating blood flow to organs and tissues

Question 43

veins

Answer 43

low-pressure vessels with valves to keep blood flowing towards the heart 65% of blood is here

Question 44

venules

Answer 44

smaller veins connecting small veins to capillaries

Question 45

capillaries

Answer 45

exchange vessels allowing diffusion of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste

Question 46

cardiac rhythmicity

Answer 46

special mechanism in the heart leading to a rhythmical beat

Question 47

what are the types of cardia muscle

Answer 47

atrial, ventricular, conductive

Question 48

atrial muscle

Answer 48

functions similar to skeletal muscle

Question 49

ventricular muscle

Answer 49

functions like skeletal muscle with longer contractions

Question 50

conductive muscle

Answer 50

contains few fibrils and hardly contracts primarily involved in conducting impulses

Question 51

intercalated disc

Answer 51

dark bands seen in micrographs of cardiac muscle, separating myocytes

Question 52

how many millivolts does the ventricular muscle depolarize

Answer 52

from -85 to +20 about 105 mV

Question 53

what period in the QRS complex where the cardiac cell are completely unresponsive to any stimulus

Answer 53

absolute refractory period