1
Q
What do capillaries do?
A
Move blood from arteries to veins
2
Q
True or false?
All organisms need a circulation system.
A
False.
Only the big ones do
(Except for jellyfish and sea sponges)
3
Q
What do sea sponges have to replace a circulatory system?
A
Flagellated cells (choanocytes)
4
Q
What do jellyfish have in replacement of a circulatory system?
A
Gastrovascular cavity
5
Q
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
A
Transport molecules and other substances rapidly over long distances between cells, tissues and organs.
6
Q
Diffusion: the spontaneous movement of particles caused by random thermal motion driven by ______ gradients.
Convective (Bulk flow): bulk movement of material driven by _____ gradients
A
Concentration
Pressure
7
Q
Insects have a(n) ________ circulation system.
(Comparative anatomy)
A
Open
Hemolyph (not blood) is not fully contained in vessels but flows into open body cavities (sinuses or hemocoel).
8
Q
How do insects transport O2 or CO2?
(Aka how do they do respiration?)
A
Tracheal system
9
Q
Fish have a(n) ____ circulation system.
A
2 chamber closed
(1 atria and 1 ventricle)
10
Q
Amphibians and most reptiles have a ______ circulation system.
A
3 chamber closed
(2 atria and 1 ventricle)
11
Q
Crocodiles and alligators have a(n) _____ circulatory system.
A
Double looped closed-circuit
12
Q
There is ___mL in 1 blood unit.
A
450
13
Q
Blood volume per compartment
Arterial system: __%
Venous system: __%
Pulmonary circulation __%
Heart: __%
A
18
61
12
9
14
Q
What is larger in diameter?
Aorta or vena cava
A
Vena cava
15
Q
High total surface area for the capillary network ____ (decreases/increases) rate of diffusion.
A
Increases
16
Q
Is systemic or central venous pressure greater?
A
Systemic
17
Q
The equation of pressure is…
A
Pressure = force/area
18
Q
True or false?
Blood flow is high at the capillaries
A
False
It is low (slow)
19
Q
Pressure oscillations are caused by ____.
A
Cardiac contraction
20
Q
True or false?
Mean pressure is used for both venules & veins and systemic circulation.
A
False
It is only used for systemic circulation.
21
Q
Hydrostatic pressure = _ x _ x_
A
p(density)
g(gravity)
h(height)
22
Q
_____: the pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at a given point within the fluid, due to the force of gravity.
A
Hydrostatic pressure
23
Q
Hydrostatic pressure only depends on the ___ of the fluid and ___.
A
density
height
24
Q
systemic blood pressure = ____ measurement
A
indirect
25
venous blood pressure = ____ measurement
direct
26
Blood flow is driven by a change in ____.
pressure
27
Why isn't blood always accelerating?
friction (resistance) acts against flow
28
Why can change in perfusion pressure be approximated to arterial pressure?
Bc venous pressure is much smaller than arterial pressure
(Pa>>Pv therefore, Pa-Pv=Pa)
29
What is the formula for Poiseuille's law?
R=(8vL)/(πR^4)
30
____ (length/viscosity/radius) can be increased to reduce flow.
Viscosity
31
Resistance _____ when in series
increases
32
Resistance _____ when in parallel
decreases
33
Arteries have _____ compliance
low
34
Veins have ______ compliance
high
35
Which coronary artery supplies the conduction system?
Right coronary artery
36
block of coronary arteries result in....
myocardial infarction (heart attack)
37
block of posterior descending artery (PDA) supplying papillary muscle can cause...
mitral valve regurgitation
38
_____:
-doesn't expand, prevents overfilling
-protects the heart physically
-provides pericardial fluid (lubricant to allow heart to fully contract, generated from serous membrane)
pericardium (pericardial sac)
39
__________:
-outer layer of heart tissue
-epithelial cells
epicardium (visceral pericardium)
40
_____:
inner layer of heart tissue
-endothelial cells
endocardium
41
True or false?
Hearts beat spontaneously
true
42
Heart activation sequence (conductance):
(7 steps)
1. Sinoatrial node
2. Atria
3. Atrioventricular node
4. Bundle of His
5. Left & right bundle branches
Septum (left to right, and down)
6. Purkinje Fibres
7. Left and right ventricular myocardium (endo to epi)
43
True or false?
Heart conductance goes from epi to endo,
False.
Endo -> epi
44
the ______ and _______ can spontaneously beat if the SA node fails to fire.
AV node
cells of the His-Purkinje system
45
Where are gap junctions concentrated on the cell?
at the ends
46
True or false?
Purkinje fibers can fire on their own if an impulse isn't generated by the sinus node.
True!
All the cells of specialized conduction system have the potential to beat on their own (They usually don't though since the SA node is faster).
47
Do Purkinje fibers form synapses with the myocardium in the ventricles?
no!
Purkinje fibers are muscle fibers and therefore do not form synapses
(only nerves form synapses)
48
electrocardio___ is the device
electrocardio____ is the recording
graph
gram
49
ECG are ___cellular recordings, they only appear when there is a ____ difference.
extra
potential
50
What causes the P wave?
Atrial activation (depolarization)
51
What causes the Q wave?
Septum activation (depolarization)
52
What causes R wave?
Ventricle activation (depolarization)
53
What causes S wave?
final depolarization of ventricles (late activation)
54
What causes T wave?
Repolarization of ventricles
55
What does the **P-R segment** on ECG represent?
Time delay between atrial and ventricular activation.
Mostly measures AV transit time
(also defined as the reference line for the ECG)
56
Long P-R interval signals...
AV block
57
What does **S-T segment** on ECG represent?
Time between ventricular depolarization and repolarization
58
Elevated S-T segment signals....
some tissue has abnormal action potentials (typical of an infarction)
59
What does the **Q-T segment** on ECG represent?
proportional to AP duration
60
Long Q-T interval signals...
problem with repolarization (can lead to arrhythmias)
61
A QRS interval longer than 100ms signals...
slow excitation, possible problems in His Purkinje (bundle branch block) or slow conduction in cardiac muscle (ischemia)
62
Depolarization wave moving towards positive terminal causes _____ deflection.
positive
63
depolarization wave moving away from positive terminal causes ______ deflection.
negative
64
repolarization wave moving towards positive terminal causes _____ deflection.
negative
65
repolarization wave moving away from positive terminal causes _______ deflection.
positive
66
A wave moving **perpendicular** to the line joining the electrodes that are connected to the 2 terminals causes either a ____ deflection or ______.
biphasic
no signal
67
amplitude is related to the ____ of the heart being depolarized or repolarized.
mass
68
What is the resting membrane potential of the **sinus node**?
doesn't have one!
69
What generates the upstroke in **sinus node** action potentials?
ICaL (not INa)
70
What is the resting membrane potential of the **Purkinje fiber**?
Doesn't have one
71
What causes the upstroke in **Purkinje fiber** action potentials?
INa (has a fast upstroke and fast propagation)
72
Which heart cells have slow action potentials?
SA node
AV node
(everything else is fast)
73
Abnormally slow rhythm: _____.
< __bpm
bradycardia
60
74
Abnormally fast rhythm: ____.
> ___bpm
tachycardia
100
75
True or false?
Bradycardia and tachycardia are always unhealthy.
False, they can be healthy process.
Ex: trained athletes have resting HR below 40bpm
Ex: over 100bpm while exercising
76
What is **respiratory sinus arrhythmia**?
sinus rate increases as you breathe in and slows as you breathe out
77
A second degree AV block lacks a ______.
QRS complex after P wave in a 2:1 ratio.
(2 atrial excitations to 1 ventricular excitations)
78
A third degree AV block lacks _____.
QRS complexes (only P waves are visible)
79
True or false?
Parasystole must be immediately treated.
False.
Parasystole is often considered benign and is untreated
80
Long QT syndrome _____ active potential duration
increases
81
Long QT syndrome:
decreases ____
prolongs ____
prolongs ____
(channels)
Ik
INa
ICa
82
What is the most common type of arrhythmia?
Atrial fibrillation
83
Which pressure is initially lower?
Atrial or ventricular?
ventricular
84
when ventricular pressure exceeds aortic pressure, _____ valve opens.
aortic
85
during 1/3 of the cardiac cycle (systole), the ventricle....
contracts and generates a pressure
86
during 2/3 of the cardiac cycle (diastole), the ventricle...
does not generate a pressure
87
aortic and systemic pressure _0 due to the ______ effect.
>
Windkessel
88
arteries store ____ energy.
elastic
89
First heart sound: _____ valve closing
mitral
90
second heart sound: _____ valve closing
aortic
91
What do arteries to do maintain flow?
**Dilate** (decreases resistance).
This is due to local autoregulation (not neural control).
92
The autonomic nervous system impacts... (3)
-Heart
-Vessels
-Adrenal glands
93
______ controls heart rate
sinus node pacemaker
94
sinus node rhythm is modulated by which type(s) of innervation?
sympathetic and parasympathetic
95
Which drug binds and blocks the muscarinic receptor to maintain HR?
atropine
96
which drugs increase HR?
B agonists
97
which drugs prevent NE binding and lower HR?
B antagonists (beta blockers)
98
_____ (drug) increases cardiac muscle contractibility which increases stroke volume
norepinephrine
99
With ____ (drug), at the same filling volume, the muscle contracts more.
norepinephrine
100
Define **vessel tone**
the state of contraction of smooth muscle vessel walls
101
Alpha-agonists increase ____ and ____.
TPR and MAP
102
Alpha-antagonists prevent __ binding, which leads to decrease in _____ and ___.
Norepinephrine
TPR
MAP
103
Where are baroreceptors found?
in the carotid arteries and the aorta
104
What do baroreceptors do?
-sense pressure
-produce **fast** responses to changes in blood pressure
105
Baroreceptor firing rate changes with ___
MAP
106
Baroreceptors act ____ (slowly/quicky) and change ___, ____, and ____.
quickly
HR
TPR
SV
107
The CNS ischemic response works when BP is ____.
dangerously low
108
____ in baroreceptor firing rate results in:
- increase in HR
- increase SV
- increase TPR
- increased venous return
decrease
109
low baroreceptor firing results in ____ sympathetic activity
increased
(negative feedback system)
110
Peripheral chemoreceptors primarily act on _____
breathing
111
For **peripheral chemoreceptors**, respiratory frequency _____ and tidal volume ______.
increases
increases
112
**Peripheral chemoreceptors** _____ HR to ____ CO2 and _____ oxygenatation rate.
increases
eliminate
increase
113
High MAP --,> ______ urine production --> _____ MAP
(how kidneys maintain BP)
increases
decreases
114
How do kidneys maintain blood pressure long term?
-maintains plasma fluid and ion levels & removes wastes
-controls **blood volume** over longer time scales (hours to days, or more)
115
What are the 2 mechanisms in which BP is controlled long-term via the kidneys?
1. **Pressure diuresis**: the higher the pressure in kidneys the more urine will be produced
2. **Renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAA/RAAS)**: involves many organs to maintain fluid volume
116
Pressure diuresis _____ BP.
decreases
117
Pressure sensors in the kidney monitor _____.
Signal pressure changes by releasing ______.
filtration rates (via changes in excreted sodium)
renin
118
Renin converts _____ -> _______
Angiotensinogen
Angiotensin I
119
Angiotensin I -> Angiotensin II via _______
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
(made in pulmonary endothelia)
120
**Angiotensin II** is a potent ______
vasoconstrictor
121
**Vasopressin** release is triggered by ______ and ______.
low output from baroreceptors (for large drops in blood volume)
circulating **angiotensin II**
122
**Aldosterone** causes __ and ___ retention which leads to increase in ___ and ____.
Na+
H2O
Cardiac output
Mean arterial pressure
123
ACE inhibitors block ______
the conversion of Angiotensin I to II
124
Renin inhibitors block _____
conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
125
Define **orthostasis**
maintenance of an upright standing posture
126
orthostatic hypotension:
BP drop upon standing
127
**Systolic** arterial blood pressure ____ when going from lying -> standing
**Diastolic** pressure _____.
drops
increases a little
128
Why is there a big drop in BP when going from lying --> standing?
-Leg veins have high compliance
-Hydrostatic pressure is high on standing
-Blood moves from trunk to legs
129
True or false?
Small changes in venous pressure cause small changes in volume
False.
Small changes in venous pressure causes **large** changes in volume
130
Maintenance of BP when going from lying down -> standing is due to...
baroreceptor and sympathetic nervous system activation
131
Prolonged standing ____ hydrostatic pressure
increases
132
Contracting leg muscles while standing results in ____ venous return, this results in ____ SV and less need to _____ HR.
higher
higher
increase
133
cardiac output and heart rate increase by _____ during exercise.
3-fold
134
Adrenal glands are part of the ____ system.
sympathetic
135
At high HR, SV ____
decreases
136
Blood flow to skeletal muscle during exercise increases ____
12-fold
137
blood flow to skin during exercise _____
increases 5-fold
138
blood flow to heart during exercise _____
increases 3.5-fold
PHGY 210
flashcards
Decks in class (5)
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