Cardiovascular

Question 1

Functions of Cardiovascular System (7)

Answer 1

• oxygen transport and delivery
• nutrient transport and delivery
• waste transport and elimination
• hormonal transport
• temp. regulation
• BP regulation
• immune function

Question 2

Circulatory Pathways (3)

Answer 2

• Pulmonary
• Cerebral
• Systemic

Question 3

Components of Circulation

Answer 3

• Blood
• Heart
• Arteries
• Capillaries
• Veins

Question 4

Blood Components

Answer 4

• Cellular

- Liquid

Question 5

Total Blood Volume

Answer 5

• approx. 5 L

- greater volume for larger individuals, endurance trainers, and altitude-acclimated individuals

Question 6

Arteries

Answer 6

• Elastic artery (resistance and greater in size)

- Muscular (large, small, arteriole, capillary)

Question 7

Elastic Artery Layers

Answer 7

• Tunica intima
• Tunica media
• Tunica adventitia

Question 8

Tunica Intima

Answer 8

innermost layer (squamous epithelial cells, endothelial cells, sub-endothelial, also lining of arterial wall)

• cells are flat and elongated
• parallel to the direction of blood flow in the artery
• gap junctions and zonula occludens keep endothelial cells attached to eachother

Question 9

Tunica media

Answer 9

• middle layer
• smooth muscle
• controls blood flow by constricting and relaxing

Question 10

Tunica adventitia

Answer 10

• outmost layer
• longitudinally arranged collagenous tissue -elastic fibers
• nerves are found here

Question 11

Capillaries

Answer 11

• single layer of epithelium

- flow controlled by pre-capillary sphincters

Question 12

Venules

Answer 12

-highest venous proportion of smooth muscle

Question 13

Veins

Answer 13

• adventitia is not as elastic as arteries
• less tissue volume
• low pressure side of system

Question 14

One way valves

Answer 14

• on venus side where pressure is low

- skeletal muscles are helpful moving the blood

Question 15

Why are arteries called resistance vessels?

Answer 15

• b/c of the ability to constrict and dilate
• more elastic
• they control blood flow to the tissues

Question 16

Why are veins called compliance vessels?

Answer 16

• b/c of the ability to distend

- at rest about 66% of blood is in the venus side

Question 17

Determinants of Blood Pressure

Answer 17

• blood volume
• compliance ( = volume / pressure)
• cross-sectional area

Question 18

Determinants of Blood Flow

Answer 18

• pressure gradient
• area
• viscosity

-determiants of blood flow also determine the diameter of the vessel.

Question 19

Vasoconstriction and dilation influence what?

Answer 19

Blood volume

Question 20

Vascular compliance and cross-sectional area determine what?

Answer 20

Blood pressure

Question 21

Orthostatic of Hydrostatic Intolerance

Answer 21

• low pressure of venus side
• blood pooling
• problem for returning blood to hreat
• lack of return can result in dizziness

Question 22

Resistance vessels

Answer 22

arteries that can adjust their caliber

Question 23

Exchange vessels

Answer 23

-thin walled arterioles and capillaries that permit rapid exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, substrates, hormones, and other molecules

Question 24

Capacitance vessels

Answer 24

-venules, small and large veins that can hold a large volume of blood

Question 25

Hemodynamics

Answer 25

concerned with governing pressure, flow, resistance, volume, and compliance related to CV system

Question 26

Hemodynamic pressure

Answer 26

produced by the contraction of the heart and stored in the elastic walls of the blood vessels�

Question 27

Pressure

Answer 27

force applied over a surface

Question 28

Hydrostatic pressure

Answer 28

-force of gravity acting on the blood

Question 29

Transmural pressure

Answer 29

is the difference between the pressure inside and outside a blood vessel�

Question 30

Compliance

Answer 30

a measure of the distensibility of a chamber expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure�

Question 31

Mean circulatory filling pressure

Answer 31

pressure required to fill the blood vessels

Question 32

Mean arterial pressure

Answer 32

pulsatile pressure averaged over the cardiac cycle

Question 33

systemic vascular resistance

Answer 33

resistance to flow offered by the systemic circulation

Question 34

Systolic pressure

Answer 34

peak in systemic arterial pressure (during ventricular systole)

Question 35

Diastolic pressure

Answer 35

smallest pressure in systemic arterial pressure

Question 36

Pulse pressure

Answer 36

the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures

Question 37

Lymphatic vessels

Answer 37

are thin-walled and relatively permeable where a net transfer of fluid out of the vessels and into the interstitial space. These vessels return this fluid to the systemic circulation�

Question 38

Lymphatic circulation

Answer 38

movement of fluid from the systemic and pulmonary circulation into the interstitial space and then back to the systemic circulation via the lymphatic vessels�