Pericarditis causes referred pain to the ____
Shoulder
Where is the needle placed to drain cardiac tamponade?
Under xiphoid sternum
What are the components of Virchow’s triad?
- Endothelial cell injury
- Hypercoagulability
- Abnormal blood flow
Diastolic murmurs are due to mitral/tricuspid ____ and aortic/pulmonary _____
Stenosis
Incompetence
Systolic murmurs are due to mitral/tricuspid ____ and aortic/pulmonary _____
Incompetence
Stenosis
Mitral valve prolapse increases risk of _____
Infective endocarditis
What are the associated symptoms of LHS heart failure?
- Lung crackles
- Tachycardia
- Low oxygen saturation
- Dyspnoea
- GI symptoms
- Weight gain
What are the associated symptoms of RHS heart failure?
- JV distension
- Liver engorgement
- Peripheral oedema
- Ascites
- Weight gain
Which class of calcium channel blockers target resistance vessels?
Dihydropyridines (e.g. nifedipine)
Which class of calcium channel blockers target cardiac tissue?
Phenylalkylamine (e.g. verapamil)
Which medication can be used to treat all 3 kinds of angina?
Nitroglycerin
ST segment depression is related to which kind of ischemia?
Subendocardial
What is the basis of vasospastic angina?
Coronary artery vasospasms
Which structure is usually most affected by endocarditis?
Valves
Where do vegetations usually form?
Areas of low pressure (close to edge of valve opening)
Which kind of endocarditis is not infection related?
Libman-Sacks Endocarditis
What causes splinter haemorrhages and Janeway lesions in patients with endocarditis?
Septic emboli (vegetations that have detached from valves)
Which type of cardiomyopathy is related to systolic heart failure?
Dilated cardiomyopathy
What are treatment options for patients with dilated cardiomyopathy?
LVAD (LV assist) or transplant
What is the most common cardio-related cause of death in young people?
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Which cardiac drug is contraindicated in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Digoxin
Which pathogen is involved in rheumatic heart disease?
Streptococcus pyrogenes
What is a type 2 hypersensitivity reaction?
When antibodies cross react with own cell surfaces
What are the major findings of rheumatic fever?
Polarthritis Carditis Subcutaneous nodules Erythema marginatum Chorea
