The space between the visceral (lines heart) and pleura linging of heart is:
Pericardial space
If the SA node fails, what other node delivers the impulse?
What is the main sign for this?
AV node
- Heartrate is slower than normal (20-30)
What do elevated troponin levels indicate?
Hormone released by heart into blood when heart is damaged.
The main arteries that deliver blood to the heart:
Coronary arteries
What is heart contractility?
What hormone helps regulate this?
Strength of the heart’s contraction
Calcium increases heart contractility
What risks occur for the heart when there is too much calcium?
Heart cannot rest (diastole); heart failure usually occurs
The percent of ventricle blood ejected with each beat:
- What is a normal percentage?
Ejection fraction (50-70%)
If ejection fraction is too low, what does this indicate?
Ventricles are failing.
What do these terms mean:
- Inotropic:
- Chronotropic:
inotropic: Related to force of contration
Chronotropic: Related to heart rate
What do baroreceptors do?
Notice changes to blood pressure and adjust accordingly.
(stimulate sympathetic/parasympathetic)
What are the types of natriuretic peptides?
What do they do?
ANP:
- Released from atria when atrial pressure is high
BNP:
- Released from ventricles and ventricular pressure is high
- (indicates heart failure)
Varicose veins:
- What are they?
- What are the risks?
DIlated veins from incompetent valves:
- Long periods of standing
- Crossing legs
What is a Deep vein thromosis (DVT)?
What are the causes?
Obstruction of venous flow; increased venous pressure.
Causes:
- Venous stasis (pools)
- Endothelial damage
SIgns of DVT:
- One leg/arm is darker red/pink
- Warmer to touch
What are the treatments for DVT?
Treatment (stimulate blood flow):
- Elastic hose
- Pneumatic compression device
What are these stages of hypertension:
- Normal
- Prehypertension
Normal: <120/<80
Prehypertension: 120-139/80-89
What are these stages of hypertension:
- Stage 1
- Stage 2
Stage 1:
140-159/90-99
Stage 2:
>160/>100
What is primary hypertension?
What are the risks?
Idiopathic hypertension (no known cause)
Risks:
- High salt
- Age
- Obesity
What is secondary hypertension?
Hypertension caused by systemic disease (kidney failure)
What is complicated hypertension?
What is malignant hypertension?
Complicated:
Chronic damage to wall of BV from hypertension.
Malignant:
Can lead to organ damage; Diastolic BP >140
What is orthostatic hypotension?
Decrease in sytolic (20 mmHg) or diastolic (10 mmHg) blood pressure when standing.
What is an aneurysm?
Local dilation/outpouching of vessel wall or cardiac chamber
True aneurysm
vs.
False aneurysm
True:
Involves all three layers of the vessel
False:
Doesn’t involve layers of vessel; hematoma/blood clot sit on vessel
Cerebral aneurysms lead to what:
If ruptures, causes a stroke.
