1
Q
what is stroke volume(sv)
A
The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat (ml)
2
Q
what is heart rate (HR)
A
The number of times the heart beats per minute (bpm)
3
Q
what is the average HR for untrained
A
70- 72bpm
4
Q
what is cardiac output (Q)
A
The volume of blood ejected (pumped) from the heart per minute (l/min)
5
Q
what nis bradycardia
A
when your HR is under 60 bpm
6
Q
how do you calculate max HR §
A
220- age
7
Q
what causess anticipatory rise
A
adrenaline
8
Q
what happens too HR post exercise
A
Initial rapid drop in HR due to less oxygen demand
Then gradual drop to repay oxygen debt
9
Q
what happens to HR during exercise
A
HR rises proportionately to exercise intensity
At submaximal levels HR will plateau when a steady state is reached and O2 demand is met.
10
Q
what is the resting SV fo untrained
A
70ml
11
Q
what is resting SV for trained
A
100ml
12
Q
what is the resting HR for trained
A
50bpm
13
Q
what are the 2 circuits in the heart
A
pulmonary- lungs
systematic- body
14
Q
what are the structures in the heart
A
superior vena cava
pulmonary valve
right/left atrium
right/ left ventricle
inferior vena cava
pulmonary veins and arteries
bicuspid and tricuspid valve
-septum
15
Q
where does the blood enter into from body
A
vena cava then right atrium
16
Q
where does deoxygenated blood leave from and enter
A
leaves pulmonary artery from right vent
enters pulmonary vein and into left atrium
17
Q
what does it mean that the heartv is myogenic
A
generates its own electrical impulses which causes the cardiac muscles to contract
18
Q
what is the route of the electrical impulse in the heart
A
1) SA node generatees electrical impulse causing atria wall tp contract
2) AV node collects the impulse and delays it due to nonconductive tissue by 0.1 second
3) bundle of his in septum seperates and carries it down to the apex of the heart
4) bundle bnranches at apex for impulse then splits into purkinje fibres which carries them up the ventricle walls causing them to contract
19
Q
why does it delay the electrical impulse
A
to allow the blood to be forced into ventricle
20
Q
how long does the complete cardiac cycle take
A
0.80 seconds
21
Q
describe the process of diastole
A
- relaxation of the atria and ventricle means lower pressure within the heart
- blood passively flows throw the atria and into ventricles
- av valves are open allowing blood to move freely from the atria to ventricles
- semilunar valves are closed at this time
22
Q
what happens in atrial systole
A
atria contracts forcing blood into ventricles and opening the AV valve as it has a higher pressure
23
Q
what happens in ventricular systole
A
ventricle contracts
AV valve closes
semi lunar valve opens
- blood pushed out of ventricles and into large arteries leaving the heart
24
Q
how long does atrial systole last
A
0.1s
25
how long does ventricular systole last
0.3 s
26
how long does diastole last
0.4 s
27
what is the average cardiac output
5L/min
28
why is SV able to increase
increased venous return
starling law
29
why does SV reaches a plateau during sub max intensity
increased HR towards maximal intensitites does not allow enough time for vent to fill in diastolic
30
what is frank starling mechanisms
increased venous return leads to increased SV due to an increase stretch of the ventricular wall and therefore force of contraction
31
what are the values for HR, SV and Q for untrained at sub max intensityt
HR 100-130bpm
SV 100-120ml
Q 10-15L/min
32
what are the values for HR, SV and Q for trained at sub max intensityt
HR 95-120bpm
SV 160-200ml
Q 15-20L/min
33
what are the values for HR, SV and Q for untrained at max intensityt
HR 220-age
SV 100-120
Q 20-30L/min
34
what are the values for HR, SV and Q for trained at max intensityt
HR 220-age
SV 160-200ml
Q 30-40L/ min
35
what happens to SV, HR and Q during recovery
SV remains high and HR rapidly reduces- maintains blood flow and removal of waste products while lowering stress and workload
- rapid decrease in Q
36
what is the sympathetic nervous system
increases HR during exercise accelerator nerve
37
what is the parasympathetic nervous system
reduces HR during exercise- vagus nerve
38
where is heart rate controlled
cardiac control centre CCC and autonomic nervous system
39
where are the ccc and the ANS located
in the medulla oblongata
40
what are the 3 neural control
proprioreceptors- tendons muscle and joints- detect movement
chemoreceptors- aorta and carotid artery- detect chemical changes
baroreceptors- blood vessels- blood pressure
41
what are the intrinsic control
temperature- will affect blood viscocity and the speed of nerve impulses
venous return-effect stretch in ventricle walls, force of contraction and therefore SV
42
what is the hormonal control
adrenaline and noradrenaline
- adrenal gland and increase sv and hr
43
when would HR increase
high conc of co2 , low o2, low ph and low BP
44
when would HR decrease due to the ccc
low CO2 and high O2 and high PH and high PH
45
what are the characterisitcs of arteries and arterioles
- high pressure
- large layers of smooth muscle and elastic tissue
- meaning they can vasoconstriction and dilate
- arterioles have a ring of smooth muscle surrounding capillary bed called pre capillary sphincter to control blood flow
46
what are the characteristics of capillaries
- one cell thick
- where gas exchange takes place
47
what are the characteristics of veins and venules
- have one way valves to prevet backflow
- smaller layer of smooth muscle allowing them to venodilate and venoconstrict
- blood low pressure
48
what are the mechanisms to aid venous return
- pocket valves- prevent back flow
- smooth muscle- contract and dilate
-gravity- blood above heart aidied by gravity
- muscle pumps- veins located next to skeletal muscles and during exercise help squeeze blood back
- respiratory pump- helps blood in thorastic cavity and abdomen back to heart
49
what is the vascualar shunt mechanism
the redistribution of cardiac output around the body from rest to exercise
50
at rest what happens for vascular shunt
arterioles to organs vasodilate- increase blood flow
- arterioles to muscle vasoconstrict- reduce blood flow
- precapilary sphincters dilate, opening up the capillary bed allow more blood to organ cells
-precap sphincters of muscle constrict
51
during exercise what happens to vascular shunt
arterioles to organs vasoconstriction- decrease blood flow
- arterioles to muscle vasodilate increase blood flow
- precapillary sphincters constrict, opening up the capillary bed allow less blood to organ cells
-precap sphincters of muscle dilate
52
where is vasomotor control located
in the VCC in medulla oblongata
53
waht is vasomotor tone
smooth muscles wall of artertial blood vessels always in slight constriction
54
what does the VCC receive stimulation from
chemreceptors and baroreceptors and proprioceptors
55
what if their is increased stimulation
limits blood flow
56
if their is decreased stimulation what happens to arteries
increase blood flow arteries
57
what is pulmonary ventilation
breathing air into and out of lungs
58
what is external respiration
exchange of O2 and CO2 vetween lungs and blood
59
what is internal respiration
exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and muscle tissue
60
what does the gaseous exchange system have
look on page 28
61
how is O2 transported
97% haemoglobin
3% blood plasma
62
how is CO2 transported
70% dissolved in water carried as carbonic acid
23% in haemoglobin
7% dissolved in blood plasma
63
what is breathing rate
the number of inspiration or expiration per minute
64
what is tidal volume
the volume of air inspired and expired per breath
65
what is minute ventilation
the volume of air inspiref or expired per minute
66
what are the resting and maximal values of breathing rate and tidal volume and minute ventilation for untrained
resting- 12-15 breaths per minute, 500ml and 6-7.5L/min
maximal- 40-50 breaths/min, 2.5- 3 litres and 100-150 l/min
67
what are the resting and maximal values of breathing rate and tidal volume and minute ventilation for trained
resting-11-12 breaths per minute, 500ml, 5.5-6L/min
maximal- 50-60breaths per min, 3-3.5 litres and 160-210L/min
68
what happens tp breathing during exercise
- breathing rate increases in proportion to exercise intensity up to a max of 50-60 breaths per minute
- tidal volume increases initially in proportion to exercise intensity up to 3 litres
- minute ventilation increases in line with intensity
69
what is the inspiration at rest
- active process
- external intercostal muscles between ribs contract pulling chest walls up and out
- diaphragm muscle below the lungs contract and flattern increase size
70
what is the inspiration at exercise
- active process
- in addition to external intercostal muscles and diaphragm : sternoclidomastoid lift sternum and scalene and pectoralis minor contract and lift ribs more
- volume of thoracic cavity increases creating a larger conc gradient so more air enters
71
what is the expiration at rest
- passive process
- external intercostal muscle between ribs and relax so that chest wall move in and down
- diaphragm muscles relax and bulge up reducing size of lungs
72
what is expiratio at exercise
- in addition to external intercostal muscle and diaphragm
- intercostal muscles contract and pull ribs down and i
- rectus abdominus contract and pushes diaphragm up
- decreases volume of cavity increases pressure and forced out quickly
73
where is respiration regulated
RCC in the medulla oblongata
74
what are the receptors responsible for respiratory control
chemical control- chemoreceptors
neural- thermo, proprio and baro receptors
75
what is diffusion
movement of gas from high pressure to low pressure
76
what is the diffusion gradient
difference in high and low pressure
larger it is greater speed of diffusion
77
where o2 move
high to low partial pressure
alveoli to blood
blood to muscles
78
what happens during exercise for external respiration
- muscle tissue use a greater volume of O2 and produces a greater volume of CO2
- blood returning to the lungs has a lower pO2 and higher PCO2
-causes a steeper diffusion gradient
79
what happens during exercise for internal respiration
more intense exercise so more demand for oxygen
more intense mean lower pO2 and high pCO2w
80
what is the oxyharmoglobin curve
informs us the amounbt of haemoglobin saturated with oxygen
81
what is dissociation
unloading of oxygen from haemoglobin
82
what is saturated
fully loaded haemoglobin
83
what is bohr shift
a move in the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve to the right due to increase acidity
84
what are the effects of bohr shift
- increase in blood and muscle temp
- increase in pp of carbon dioxide
- increase production of lactic acid and carbonic acid
85
what impact does bohr shift have on performance
- at any given point2 for exercising muscle tissue, percentage saturation of oxyharmoglobin is far lower and therefore dissociation of O2 to respiring tissue is greater
- enhances the volume of O2 available for diffusion and theirfore aerobic energy production for exercise
86
where is the RCC located
medulla oblongata and has an inspiratory and expiratory centre
87
what does the RCC do
Chemoreceptors (+PPCO2, -PO2), thermoreceptors, proprioceptors all inform the inspiratory centre should you need to recruit the sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, external intercostal muscles (intercostal nerve) & diaphragm (phrenic nerve) to contract with more force (increasing thoracic cavity further) to increase DEPTH OF BREATHING.
Baroreceptors, also known as stretch receptors (located in lung tissue and bronchioles) inform the expiratory centre of changes to lung inflation and tissue stretch.
If the lung tissue becomes excessively stretched, additional expiratory muscles (rectus abdominus) are recruited to contract, reducing the volume of the thoracic cavity.
A-Level PE paper 1
flashcards
Decks in class (11)
# Cards
-
skeletal and muscular system- 1.1a75
-
periodisation- 1.2b25
-
ergogenic aids and diet 1.2a91
-
biomechanics- 1.3 b72
-
injuries and recovery- 1.2c100
-
strength, flexibility, aerobic capcity and fitness testing 1.2b90
-
Impacts of training on lifestyle diseases- 1.2b36
-
Energy and Recovery- 1.1c57
-
biomechanics Y2- 1.3b68
-
enviromental effects on the body system- 1.1 d21
-
Cardiovascular and respiratory system- 1.1b87
