Cardiovascular Disorders

Question 1

Heart Structure

Answer 1

Contains four chambers (two atria and two ventricles)
Responsible for pumping blood through body

Question 2

Blood flow (pulmonary circulation)

Answer 2

Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atrium, then the right ventricle and is pumped to the lungs to become oxygenated

Question 3

Blood Flow (systematic circulation)

Answer 3

Oxygenated blood is pumped from the left atrium then the left ventricle and is pumped to the rest of the body

Question 4

Electrical Conduction System

Answer 4

Specialized system that initiates and coordinates electrical impulses, ensuring a regular heartbeat.
Key components: Sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker), Atrioventricular (AV) node, bundle of his, and Purkinje fibers.

Question 5

Cardiac Output (CO)

Answer 5

The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute (CO= Heart Rate X Stroke Volume)

Question 6

Blood Volume

Answer 6

Total amount of blood in the circulatory system

Question 7

Systematic Vascular Resistance (SVR)

Answer 7

The resistance to blood flow within the blood vessels

Question 8

Atrial Blood Pressure (BP)

Answer 8

CO X SVR

Question 9

Sympathetic Stimulation

Answer 9

Increases heart rate and contractility, and causes vasoconstriction leading to increased blood pressure.

Question 10

Parasympathetic Stimulation

Answer 10

Decreases HR which decreases BP

Question 11

Baroreceptors

Answer 11

Receptors in aorta and carotid arteries which detect changes in blood pressure and help regulate it

Question 12

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Answer 12

Promotes water retention which increases BP and blood volume

Question 13

Aldosterone

Answer 13

Promotes water and sodium retention increasing blood volume and BP

Question 14

Renin-Angiotensin- Aldosterone System (RAAS)

Answer 14

A complex system which leads to vasoconstriction and increases blood volume, raising blood pressure.

Question 15

Cardiac Dysrhythmias

Answer 15

Irregularities in heart rhythm caused by issues in the electrical conduction system

Question 16

Heart Blocks

Answer 16

Conductions delays or blocks at AV node or bundle of his (first, second, and third degree)

Question 17

Telemetry Strip analysis

Answer 17

A systemic approach to interpreting ECG strips to identify rhythm abnormalities and their significance.

Question 18

Coronary Artery Disease

Answer 18

Narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries primarily due to artherosclerosis (plaque build up)

Question 19

Ischemic Heart Disease

Answer 19

Reduce blood supply to heart muscle often due to CAD

Question 20

Acute Coronary syndrome (ACS)

Answer 20

A subset of CAD characterized by sudden severe reduction to heart flow to the heart

Question 21

Angina

Answer 21

reccurent, brief episodes of substernal chest pain caused by an oxygen deficit to myocardium

Question 22

Stable Angina

Answer 22

Triggered by exertion, relieved by rest and nitroglycerin

Question 23

Unstable Angina

Answer 23

Occurs at rest or with minimal exertion, indicated impending MI

Question 24

Variant Angina

Answer 24

Caused by vasospasm occurs at rest

Question 25

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Answer 25

Heart attack, occurring when coronary artery is completely obstructed, leading to cardiac muscle death

Question 26

STEMI

Answer 26

ST-elevation MI, indicating transmural (full-thickness) damage

Question 27

NSTEMI

Answer 27

Non-ST-elevation MI, indicating partial-thickness damage

Question 28

Heart Failure (HF)

Answer 28

Heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's metabolic demand.

Question 29

LVF

Answer 29

The left ventricle weakens and cannot empty effectively leading to blood backing up in pulmonary circulation (pulmonary congestion and edema)

Question 30

RVF

Answer 30

The right ventricle weakens and cannot empty effectively leading to blood backing up into systemic circulation (venous congestion)