1
Q
______ organisms require a mechanism for distribution of oxygen, food, wastes, and hormones, which is accomplished by the _______ system in vertebrates.
A
- Multicellular
- Circulatory
2
Q
The circulatory system consists of a _____ ____ heart and a system of _____ _____, including arteries veins, and capillaries.
A
- Muscular pump
- Blood vessels
3
Q
Four chambers of the heart
A
- Right and left atria
- Right and left ventricles
4
Q
_____ are a core of dense fibrous connective tissue covered by endocardium.
A
Valves
5
Q
Valves of the heart
A
- Tricuspid
- Bicuspid
- Aortic semilumar
- Pulmonary semilunar
6
Q
The tricuspid valve is located between _______ and _______.
A
Right atrium and ventricle
7
Q
The bicuspid (or mitral) valve is located between _______ and _______.
A
Left atrium and ventricle
8
Q
The aortic semilunar valve is located between _______ and _______.
A
Left ventricle and aorta
9
Q
The pulmonary semilunar valve is located between _______ and _______.
A
Right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
10
Q
Blood supply to heart is through _____ _____ branching out of aorta. Arteries branch into capillaries and empty into right atrium through _____ _____.
A
- Coronary arteries
- Coronary sinuses
11
Q
The ______ is the inner layer of the heart and is homologous to tunica intima of blood vessels
A
Endocardium
12
Q
The _____ is the middle layer of the heart and is homologous to tunica media of blood vessels
A
Myocardium
13
Q
The _____ or ______ ______ is the outer layer of the heart, homologous to tunica adventitia of blood vessels.
A
Epicardium or Visceral Pericardium
14
Q
The _____ consists of mesothelium and a CT layer with elastic fibers, blood vessels, nerves and adipose tissue.
A
Epicardium or Visceral Pericardium
15
Q
The ______ forms inner layer of pericardium. Epicardium and parietal pericardium enclose pericardial cavity containing pericardial fluid.
A
Epicardium or Visceral Pericardium
16
Q
The _____ is the inner most layer of the endocardium, continuous with endothelium of blood vessels, polygonal squamous cells.
A
Endothelium
17
Q
A _________ forms bulk of endocardium with bundles of smooth muscles fibers.
A
Dense Connective Tissue layer
18
Q
The __________ layer of the endocardium is thin loose CT with fibroblasts and collagen fibers, bind endocardium with myocardium.
A
Subendothelial
19
Q
The ________ layer of the endocardium is present everywhere in the heart except in papillary muscles and chordae tendinae, made of loose CT.
A
Subendocardial
20
Q
Three concentric rings of blood vessel arteries
A
- Tunia intima
- Tunica media
- Tunica adventitia
21
Q
The tunica intima is an an endothelial tube followed by an _____ ______.
A
Elastica interna
22
Q
The tunica media is predominantly smooth muscles followed by an _______ ______.
A
Elastica externa
23
Q
The _____ ______ is a fibrous connective tissue.
A
Tunica Adventitia
24
Q
The three categories of arteries are:
- ____ or ____ or _____ arteries
- _____ or _____ or _____ arteries
- _____ and _____ arteries
A
- Elastic or conducting or large
- Muscular or distributing or medium
- Arterioles and small
25
The large, elastic, or conducting arteries include the a____, p_____, s_____, and c____ c____.
- Aorta
- Pulmonary
- Subclavian
- Common carotid
26
In the tunica intima of the large, elastic, or conducting arteries, the _______ is thin and is made of _______ epithelium with few fibroblasts and a few smooth muscle cells.
- Endothelium
| - Squamous
27
In the tunica intima of the large, elastic, or conducting arteries, the endothelium is a ________ _____ for diffusion.
Selective barrier
28
In the tunica intima of the large, elastic, or conducting arteries, the endothelium has vesicles for ________ transport of materials and has short processes for communications.
Transendothelial
29
In the tunica intima of the large, elastic, or conducting arteries, the endothelium also has rod like cytoplasmic ______ called ________ which store ________ or ___________ (involved in platelet aggregation and clotting).
- Inclusions
- Weibel Palade Bodies
- von Wille Brand Factor
- Coagulating factor VIII
30
In the tunica media of the large, elastic, or conducting arteries, it is mostly fenestrated _______ with long smooth muscle cells.
Elastic fibers
31
In the tunica media of the large, elastic, or conducting arteries, the _________ is thin and inconspicuous.
Elastica interna
32
In the tunica adventitia of the large, elastic, or conducting arteries, there are mostly bundles of ________ oriented longitudinally.
Collagen fibers
33
In the tunica adventitia of the large, elastic, or conducting arteries, the _______ allows for blood supply.
Vasa vasorum
34
In the large, elastic, or conducting arteries, endothelial cells participate in the ______ and ______ integrity of the ________.
- Structural
- Functional
- Vascular wall
35
Endothelial cells of the large, elastic, or conducting arteries, participate in production of extracellular components, such as f______, l______, and c________.
- Fibronectin
- Laminin
- Collagen I, IV, and V
36
Endothelial cells of the large, elastic, or conducting arteries, participate in maintenance of a ___________, which allows simple diffusions and transcellular pathways.
Selective permeability barrier
37
Endothelial cells of the large, elastic, or conducting arteries, participate in maintenance of a non-thrombogenic barrier by producing anticoagulants (________) and antithrombogenic substances (_________ and _______).
- Thrombomodulin
| - Postacyclin PGI2 and Tissue Plasminogen Activator
38
Endothelial cells of the large, elastic, or conducting arteries, participate in modulation of blood flow and vascular resistance by secreting vasoconstrictors (_____, _______) and vasodilators (_______ or ______)
- Endothelin, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
| - Endothelium Derived Relaxing Factor or Nitric Oxide
39
Endothelial cells of the large, elastic, or conducting arteries, participate in regulation and modulation of immune response by expression of _______ molecules and secreting __________.
- Adhesion
| - Interleukins IL-I, IL-6, IL-8
40
Endothelial cells of the large, elastic, or conducting arteries, participate in hormonal synthesis and other metabolic activities by secreting _________(CSF), _______(FGF), and ___________ (PDGF) as well as growth inhibitors such as _______.
- Colony stimulating factors
- Fibroblast growth factor
- Platelet-derived growth factor
- Heparin
41
An _______ is an abnormal localized _____ in the weakened wall of an artery.
- Aneurysm
| - Dilation
42
An aortic aneurysm occurs when the diameter of the aorta increases to ____% or more.
50
43
A true aneurysm is a ________ in the wall that consists of _______. A rupture here may lead to fatal bleeding in a few minutes.
- Large bulge
| - All 3 tunics
44
_______ (hardening of arteries) is a major cause of most aortic aneurysms.
Atherosclerosis
45
C_______, I______, I______, S_____ and M______ also weaken arterial walls.
- Chronic hypertension
- Infection
- Inflammation
- Syphilis
- Marfan syndrome
46
Medium or Muscular or Distributing Arteries include b____, f____, r_____, and p_____.
- Brachial
- Femoral
- Radial
- Popliteal
47
The tunica intima of the Medium or Muscular or Distributing Arteries is ______ than that of elastic artery and lacks _______.
- Thinner
| - Smooth muscles
48
The tunica intima of the Medium or Muscular or Distributing Arteries has a well developed _______.
Elastica interna
49
The tunica media of the Medium or Muscular or Distributing Arteries is mostly _______ with gap junctions.
Smooth muscle cells
50
The tunica adventitia of the Medium or Muscular or Distributing Arteries is ______ than that of elastic arteries and is mostly _______.
- Thicker
| - Collagen fibers
51
Arterioles are the principal components of __________.
Peripheral resistance
52
The tunica intima of arterioles has endothelium followed by a thin _______ layer of reticular and elastic fibers.
Subendothelial
53
The tunica intima of arterioles has an elastica interna that is ______ and ______.
Thin and fenestrated
54
The tunica media of arterioles, has one or two layers of ________.
Smooth muscle cells
55
In the tunica media of arterioles, _______ (blood vessels between arterioles and capillaries have a ______ layer of __________ that function as valves or sphincters.
- Metarterioles
- Single
- Smooth muscle cells
56
The tunica adventitia of arterioles includes ______ CT, f_______, m_____, and small unmyelinated _______.
- Loose
- Fibroblasts
- Macrophages
- Nerve fibers
57
Arteriovenous shunts are ________ between arteries and veins without capillaries.
Direct connections
58
Arteriovenous shunts are important for regulation of ______.
Blood flow
59
Examples of arteriovenous shunts are the g_____ in the nail beds, fingers, toe pads, and ear.
Glomus
60
Blood flow is ______ but blood supply is _______.
- Intermittent
| - Continuous
61
Arteries maintain a ________.
Vasomotor tone
62
Tone is required for appropriate ______ or ______ and is under the control of ______, ______, and ______.
- Vasoconstriction or dilation
| - ANS, Hormones, Autoregulation
63
Tone is under the control of ANS, such as neurotransmitter __________.
Norepinephrine
64
Tone is under the control of hormones such as _______ from adrenal gland, _____ from kidney, and ______ from posterior pituitary, which cause _______.
- Norepinephrine
- Renin
- ADH
- Vasoconstriction
65
Tone is under the control of autoregulation or reactive hyperemia, in which increased ____ or ______ causes _______.
- CO2 or lactic acid
| - Vasodilation
66
Sensory organs of arteries monitor blood _______ and ______.
- Composition
| - Pressure
67
Chemoreceptors monitor ______ and include ______ and ______.
- O2/CO2
- Carotid bodies
- Aortic bodies
68
Carotid bodies are found at the junction of _____ and its branches are richly _______.
- Carotid
| - Innervated
69
Carotid bodies have two types of cells ______, which contain ______, and _____, which surround _____.
- Type I (glomus) cells
- Vesicles
- Type II
- Type I cells
70
Aortic bodies are found near ________.
Arch of aorta
71
Baroreceptors monitor _______ and are dilatations in ________.
- Blood pressure
| - Common carotids
72
From infancy to age 25, _____ fibers in elastic arteries and smooth muscle in muscular arteries ______.
- Elastic
| - Increase
73
From middle age on, _____ fibers increase and arteries become ______ (susceptible) to adverse effects.
- Collagen
| - Pliant
74
Two disorders associated with age are ______ and _____.
- Arteriosclerosis
| - Atherosclerosis
75
Arteriosclerosis is the hardening of ______ and is characterized by loss of ______.
- Arteries
| - Elasticity
76
Atherosclerosis is characterized by deposition of _____ and ______ and may lead to _______ (heart attack) or _______ (stroke).
- Lipids
- Calcification
- Myocardial infarction
- Cerebral thrombosis
77
______ is the major layer of capillaries and is made of flattened elongated cells with tapering ends 9-12 micrometers.
Endothelium
78
In capillaries, contractile mesenchymal cells called _______ or ______ are also present which control ______.
- Pericytes or Rouget cells
| - Blood flow
79
Cross sections of capillaries show a ______ forming the entire circumference; large capillaries may have 2-3 cells.
Single cell
80
Main types of capillaries
- Continuous or Muscle type Capillaries
- Fenestrated Capillaries
- Discontinuous Capillaries or Sinusoids
81
Continuous or Muscle type Capillaries have an ______ endothelium with a continuous basement membrane. It is found in _____, _____, and ______-.
- Uninterrupted
| - Muscle, nerve, connective tissue
82
The endothelium of Fenestrated Capillaries is interrupted with _____ or _____ which are closed by a very thin _____. In ______ the fenestrae are not closed by diaphragm.
- Pores or fenestrae
- Diaphragm
- Renal glomeruli
83
Fenestrated capillaries can be found in r_____, e______, and l______ of intestines.
- Renal glomeruli
- Endocrine glands
- Lamina propia
84
Discontinuous Capillaries or Sinusoids have very thin walled ______ vascular channels with large caliber.
Irregular
85
Discontinuous Capillaries or Sinusoids are found in l____, s_____, b______, p_______, and p_____.
- Liver
- Spleen
- Bone marrow
- Pituitary glands
- Pancreas
86
Associated with sinusoids in liver are _________ (SSM) (Kupffer cells) and _________ (VASHSC) (Ito cells)
- Stellate sinusoidal macrophages
| - Vitamin A storing hepatic stellate cells
87
Specialized capillaries involve _______ and include the __________ (also involves astrocytes), _______, and _______.
- Tight junctions
- Blood brain barrier
- Blood ocular barrier
- Blood testis barrier
88
______ involves fluids picked up by vesicles for transport across plasma membrane, also termed ______.
- Micropinocytosis
| - Transcytosis
89
Transendothelial Capillary Exchange uses _______, populations of _______ formed by Golgi complex, and formation of _______ with vesicles.
- Micropinocytosis
- Vesicles
- Channels
90
Veins are ______ than arteries, have _____ walls, are less _______, and appear ______ in histological sections.
- More numerous
- Thinner
- Elastic
- Collapsed
91
The three types of veins are ______, _______, and ______.
- Venules and small veins
- Medium veins
- Large veins
92
Venules and small veins are not significantly different from ________, but they are more ______.
- Capillaries
| - Permeable
93
The endothelium of venules and small veins is _____ with ______ present.
- Very thin
| - Pericytes
94
Venules and small veins are different in shape, giving way to appearance of ________.
Smooth muscles
95
Venules and small veins are responsive to substances such as ______ and ______.
- Histamine
| - Serotonin
96
In venules and small veins, as caliber increases, ________ appear with elastic and collagen fibers.
Smooth muscles
97
The ________ of medium veins is endothelium with basal lamina and reticular fibers.
Tunica intima
98
The ______ of medium veins is much thiner than that in arteries, has smooth muscles and collagen fibers
Tunica media
99
The ______ of medium veins is much thicker than in arteries, has loose CT and collagen fibers
Tunica adventitia
100
The ______ of large veins is similar to that in medium veins.
Tunica intima
101
The ______ of large veins is poorly developed in majority of veins and contains smooth muscles.
Tunica media
102
The ______ of large veins makes up greater portion of wall, has CT with elastic and collagen fibers and ______ is present.
- Tunica adventitia
| - Vasa vasorum
103
Valves of veins consist of thin CT and prevent _______ of blood.
Back flow
104
The membrane of the valves of veins is covered with endothelium and the back of valves encloses a space called ______.
Sinus of valve
105
Functional relationship of heart
Pump blood
106
Functional relationship of elastic arteries
Conduct blood
107
Functional relationship of Muscular arteries
Distribute blood
108
Functional relationship of Arterioles
Regulate blood pressure
109
Functional relationship of Capillaries
Exchange materials
110
Functional relationship of Venules
Return/exchange materials
111
Functional relationship of Veins
Return blood
112
Functional relationship of Venae cavae
Return blood
113
As a general rule _______ connects arterial and venular branches. At several places in the human body, this arrangement is _______.
- Capillary network
| - Modified
114
In this modified arrangement, one capillary bed unites to form a vein which then branches to form ________. This system of vessels with two capillary beds is called a _______.
- Another capillary bed
| - Portal system
115
Portal systems are found in _____ (hepatic portal system), ________ (hypophyseal portal system), etc.
- Liver
| - Pituitary gland
116
Lymph is supplied to most organs and systems except that lymph capillaries are not found in C___, c_____, b_____, b_____, t_____, t____, and p______.
- CNS
- Cartilage
- Bone
- Bone marrow
- Thymus
- Teeth
- Placenta
117
Lymphatic system is essentially a ________.
Drainage system
118
A function of lymph is to return to blood the ____ and ______ that have left blood vascular system.
- Fluid
| - Plasma proteins
119
A function of lymph is to return ______ to the blood.
Lymphocytes
120
A function of lymph is to add _________ (antibodies) to the blood.
Immunoglobulins
121
Lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries in that lymphatic capillaries are ________ in shape and cross sectional area.
More variable
122
Lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries in that lymphatic capillaries' endothelium is _______ and edges _____.
- Very thin
| - Overlap
123
Lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries in that in the lymphatic capillaries, a continuous basal lamina is _______.
Lacking
124
Lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries in that in lymphatic capillaries intercellular _____ are present.
Clefts
125
Lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries in that lymphatic capillaries have lymphatic ________ associated with plasma membrane.
Anchoring filaments
126
Lymphatic vessels have a large _____, a wall that is _____ than that of lymphatic capillaries, and is surrounded by ______ and ______ fibers.
- Lumen
- Thicker
- Collagen and elastic
127
In lymphatic vessels, _____ are common, the _______ are usually present, and occasionally ______ are present.
- One way valves
- Three basic layers (intima, media, adventita)
- Smooth muscles
128
Two lymphatic ducts that have well developed smooth muscles are _______ and ________.
- Right lymphatic duct
| - Left thoracic lymphatic duct
129
The __________ is relatively shorter, carries lymph from upper right portion, opens into right brachiocephalic vein.
Right lymphatic duct
130
The __________ is longer, arises in abdominal region and reaches base of neck, opens at the junction of left jugular and subclavian vein.
Left thoracic lymphatic duct
Histology
flashcards
Decks in class (18)
# Cards
-
Methods of Histology56
-
The Epithelium143
-
Connective Tissue152
-
Blood & Bone Marrow125
-
The Cell121
-
Cartilage & Bone171
-
Muscle175
-
The Nervous System167
-
Cardiovascular & Lymphatic Systems130
-
Lymphoid & Immune System86
-
The Endocrine System108
-
Upper Digestive System105
-
Lower Digestive System102
-
The Liver, The Gallbladder, and The Exocrine Pancreas67
-
Respiratory System102
-
Urinary System100
-
Male Reproductive System126
-
Female Reproductive System98
