0
Q
AB-
A
Antigen on Rbc is AB(universal recipient) and doesn’t have antibody in its plasma
:human blood groups-rbc membranes have glycoproteins antigen on their external surfaces
-these antigens are:unique to the individual,recognized as foreign if transfused into another individual,and promoters of agglutination and are referred to as agglutinogens
-presence or absence of these antigens is used to classify blood groups
1
Q
AB+
A
Antigen on Rbc is AB, Universal recipient and doesn’t have an antibody in the plasma
:human blood groups-rbc membranes have glycoproteins antigen on their external surfaces
-these antigens are:unique to the individual,recognized as foreign if transfused into another individual,and promoters of agglutination and are referred to as agglutinogens
-presence or absence of these antigens is used to classify blood groups
2
Q
Albumins
A
-types of plasma proteins:60% of plasma proteins are albumins which are binding sites and maintain osmotic pressure
3
Q
Blood cell formation
A
- hematopoiesis:blood cell formation,all blood cells come from stem cells
- hematopoiesis occurs in red bone marrow of the:axial skeleton and girdles,epiphyses of the humerus and femur
- hemocytoblasts give rise to all formed elements
4
Q
Blood pH
A
the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood, a measure of blood acidity or alkalinity. The normal pH values for arterial whole blood are 7.35 to 7.454; for venous whole blood, 7.36 to 7.41; for venous serum or plasma, 7.35 to 7.45.
5
Q
BP in arteries, veins, and capillaries
A
Weaker as you go from artery to vein to capillary
6
Q
Branches of abdominal aorta
A
divided into three sets: the visceral branches, which supply the organs in the abdomen, renals, testicles and ovaries; the parietal branches, which supply the diaphragm from below and the posterior abdominal walls; and the terminal branches, which descend to supply the organs of the pelvis, the pelvic wall
7
Q
Characteristics of arteries
A
Any of the blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body’s cells, tissues, and organs. Arteries are flexible, elastic tubes with muscular walls that expand and contract to pump blood through the body.
8
Q
Characteristics of cardiac output
A
The volume of blood pumped per minute by each ventricle of the heart. Cardiac output is equal to the stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped from a ventricle in a single heartbeat) times the heart rate. It is used as a measure of the overall health of the heart.
9
Q
Characteristics of plasma
A
:blood plasma-55% of blood is plasma
- pale yellow colloidal(opaque look) solution
- make up of plasma:
- 90% is water(stable liquid,universal solvent,natural lubricant,basic transporter)
- 1-2% is inorganic substances,minerals,electrolytes(sodium,potassium,chloride,calcium,phosphorus)which maintain osmotic pressure
10
Q
Characteristics of thrombocytes
A
:thrombocytes or platelets-minute fragments that come off of megakaryocytes so a stem cell
- covered on surface with glycoproteins and proteins,makes platelets sticky
- lack of nuclei and organelles
- filled with cytoplasm and stains light blue
- amitotic
- 3500,000 per cubic millimeter,40 times more common than WBC
- formation of platelet plug which is mixture of collagen and platelets
- role in blood clots
11
Q
Comparison of chest pain (heart vs. pleurisy)
A
Heart is a heavy feeling pleurisy is a stabbing pain
12
Q
Copper
A
- Symbol Cu A ductile, malleable, reddish-brown metallic element that is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity
13
Q
Define basophiles
A
- no clear function
- secretes two things:heparin and histamine
- heparin:decreases body’s ability to clot blood,so it thins the blood
- histamine:dilates blood vessels
- possibly makes blood flow more efficiently
14
Q
Define continuous capillaries
A
blood vessels form an intricate network throughout the body for the interchange of various substances, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, between blood and tissue cells.
15
Q
Define plasma
A
a. The clear, yellowish fluid portion of blood, lymph, or intramuscular fluid in which cells are suspended. It differs from serum in that it contains fibrin
16
Q
Define spectrin
A
n.
A protein of high molecular weight that is a major component of the membrane of red blood cells.
17
Q
Define thrombus
A
A blood clot that stays in one spot
18
Q
Diastole
A
Relaxation of heart muscle
19
Q
Drains axillary artery
A
Subclavian vein
20
Q
Drains external jugular veins
A
Subclavian vein
21
Q
Drains radial vein
A
Brachial vein
22
Q
Drains superior vena cava
A
No clue if this was an actual question I would know how to answer it but I think it is the right atrium
23
Q
Erythroblastosis fetalis
A
n.
A severe hemolytic disease of a fetus or newborn infant caused by the production of maternal antibodies against the fetal red blood cells, usually involving Rh incompatibility between the mother and fetus.
24
Factors influence heart rate
Influenced by SA node and AV node, SA increases hear rate and is influenced by sympathetic nervous sys,and AV decreases heart rate and is influenced by parasympathetic sys
25
Factors influencing blood pressure
cardiac output
peripheral resistance
blood volume
26
Feed of common hepatic artery
Celiac trunk
27
Feed of inferior mesenteric artery
Lumbar artery
28
Feed of internal iliac artery
Common iliac
29
Feed of renal artery
Abdominal aorta
30
Function of albumins
2. the major plasma protein, responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serving as a transport protein for large organic anions (e.g., fatty acids, bilirubin, some drugs) and for some hormones when their specific binding globulins are saturated.albu´minous
31
Functions fibrinogen
A protein in the blood plasma that is essential for the coagulation of blood and is converted to fibrin by thrombin and ionized calcium. Also called factor I.
32
Functions of arteries
Carry blood away from the heart
33
Functions of arterioles
n small blood vessels that branch from the arteries and transport blood from the heart to the body tissues.
34
Functions of blood
blood (blud) the fluid circulating through the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins, carrying nutriment and oxygen to body cells, and removing waste products and carbon dioxide. It consists of the liquid portion (the plasma) and the formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets).
35
Functions of capillaries
n.pl small, thin-membraned, permeable blood vessels that link arterioles and venules, feeding and removing wastes from the tissues through which they pass(where diffusion takes place)
36
Functions of myocardial cells
2. myocardial cells are specialized smooth muscle cells with acquired features and properties similar to those of skeletal muscles.
37
Functions of prothrombin
A glycoprotein formed by and stored in the liver and present in the blood plasma that is converted to thrombin in the presence of thromboplastin and calcium ion during blood clotting.
38
Functions of the valves of the heart
Keeps blood from backing up in the heart
39
Functions of the various parts of conduction of heart
SA Node:located in upper right hand corner of right atrium,initiates action which spreads through atria and in called pacemaker,all normal sinus rhythm has to begin in SA node,takes .04 seconds to travel AV Node
- AV node found next to tricuspid valve,works like stoplight allowing atria to contract and move blood
- bundle of HIS:found in inter-ventricular septum,passageway for impulses
- bundle branches:extends through the septum to apex of each ventricle
- purkinje fibers:cardiac muscles fibers that allow ventricles to contract at one time
40
Functions of tunicas in Blood vessels
:tunica interna-endothelial layer that lines the lumen of all vessels
-in vessels larger than 1 mm,a sub endothelial connective tissue basement membrane is present
-allows blood to flow over it
:tunica media-smooth muscle and elastic fiber layer, regulated by sympathetic nervous sys
-controls vasoconstriction/vasodilation of vessels
-controls bloodflow to an area
:tunica externa-collagen fibers that protect and reinforce vessels
-larger vessels contain vasa vasorum
41
ADH stimulates
causes intense vasoconstriction in case of low BP
42
Aorta
The large artery that is the main trunk of the systemic arterial system, arising from the base of the left ventricle, ending at the left side of the body of the fourth lumbar vertebra, dividing to form the right and left common iliac arteries, and whose parts are the ascending aorta, the aortic arch, and the descending aorta.
43
Basement membrane
basement membrane a sheet of amorphous extracellular material upon which the basal surfaces of epithelial cells rest; it is also associated with muscle cells, Schwann cells, fat cells, and capillaries, interposed between the cellular elements and the underlying connective layer.
Basement membrane, comprising the basal lamina and reticular lamina, in a diagram of a section through epithelial tissue.
44
Bases for aplastic anemia
Aplastic anemia is a disorder in which the bone marrow greatly decreases or stops production of blood cells.
Aplastic anemia falls into three basic categories, based on the origin of its cause: idiopathic, acquired, and hereditary.
45
Bases for iron deficient anemia
Develops from lack of nutrition or not getting enough iron from red meats. RBCs don't get enough iron
46
Bases for pernicious anemia
Pernicious anemia is a disease in which the red blood cells are abnormally formed, due to an inability to absorb vitamin B12. True pernicious anemia refers specifically to a disorder of atrophied parietal cells leading to absent intrinsic factor, resulting in an inability to absorb B12.
47
Bases for anemia
anemia /ane·mia/ (ah-ne´me-ah) reduction below normal of the number of erythrocytes, quantity of hemoglobin, or the volume of packed red cells in the blood; a symptom of various diseases and disorders.ane´mic
48
Blood transfusion
:whole blood transfusions are used in substantial blood loss and in treating thrombocytopenia
-packed red cells or cells with plasma removed and are used to treat anemia and heart patients
49
Blood typing
Type of blood- Antigen on RBC- Antibody in plasma
A(AA,AO)+- A B
B(BB,BO)+- B A
AB(AB)+- AB(universal recipient) None
O(OO)+- None(universal donor) AB
50
Brachial artery
brachial artery origin, continuation of axillary artery; branches, superficial brachial, deep brachial, nutrient of humerus, superior ulnar collateral, inferior ulnar collateral, radial, and ulnar arteries; distribution, shoulder, arm, forearm, hand.
51
Brachial vein
a vein in the arm that accompanies the brachial artery and drains into the axillary vein.
52
Brachiocephalic artery
-vessels conveying blood away from the heart:pulmonary trunk which splits into right and left pulmonary arteries and ascending aorta which has three branches(brachiocephalic,left common carotid,and subclavian veins)
53
Branches of aorta
brachiocephalic,left common carotid,and subclavian veins
54
Celiac trunk
celiac trunk the arterial trunk arising from the abdominal aorta and giving origin to the left gastric, common hepatic, and splenic arteries.
55
Changes of cardiac output
determined by venous return and neural and hormonal controls
- resting HR is controlled by the cardio inhibitory center via vagus nerve
- stroke volume is controlled by venous return(end diastolic volume, or EDV)
- under stress the cardioaccelatory center increases HR and stroke volume
- the end systolic volume decreases and MAP increases
56
Characteristics of arteries
a vessel in which blood flows away from the heart, in the systemic circulation carrying oxygenated blood.(has a strong tunica media with smooth muscle)
57
Circulatory shock
Circulatory shock is defined as an inadequate blood flow throughout the body. In the absence of mechanisms that function to maintain blood pressure within a normal range of values, blood pressure decreases dramatically. As a consequence, tissues can suffer from damage as a result of too little delivery of oxygen to cells. Severe circulatory shock can damage vital body tissues to the extent that death of the individual occurs.
58
Colloid
2. a chemical system composed of a continuous medium (continuous phase) throughout which are distributed small particles, 1 to 1000 nm in size (disperse phase), that do not settle out under the influence of gravity
59
Common hepatic artery
the visceral branch of the celiac trunk of the abdominal aorta, passing posterior to the pylorus and dividing into five branches: the gastroduodenal, right gastric, right hepatic, left hepatic, and middle hepatic.
60
Common iliac artery
a division of the abdominal aorta, starting in front of the fourth lumbar vertebra, passing caudally about 5 cm, and dividing into external and internal iliac arteries. The right common iliac artery is somewhat longer than the left.
61
Conduction sys of heart
specialized tissue that carries electrical impulses, such as bundle branches and Purkinje fibers in the heart.(SA node, AV node, bundle of his,purkinje fibers)
62
Continuous capillaries
- continuous:abundant in skin and muscles
- endothelial cells provide an uninterrupted lining
- adjacent cells are connected with tight junctions
- intercellular clefts allow passage of fluids
63
Coronary arteries
1. An artery with origin in the right aortic sinus; with distribution to the right side of the heart in the coronary sulcus, and with branches to the right atrium and ventricle, including the atrioventricular branches and posterior interventricular branch; right coronary artery.
64
Define blood clot
Thrombus is stationary clot in blood stream. Embolus is a moving clot in bloodstream
65
Define agglutination
2. The clumping together of red blood cells or bacteria, usually in response to a particular antibody.
66
Define erythropoietin
a glycoprotein hormone secreted by the kidney in the adult and by the liver in the fetus, which acts on stem cells of the bone marrow to stimulate red blood cell production (erythropoiesis).
67
Define hemoglobin
In RBCs the heme part carries oxygen and the globin carries carbon dioxide
68
Define hematopoietic cell
They give rise to the myeloid (monocytes and macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, erythrocytes, megakaryocytes/platelets, dendritic cells), and lymphoid lineages (T-cells, B-cells, NK-cells). The definition of hematopoietic stem cells has changed in the last two decades. The hematopoietic tissue contains cells with long-term and short-term regeneration capacities
69
Define heparin
Heparin (from Ancient Greek ηπαρ (hepar), liver), also known as unfractionated heparin, a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan, is widely used as an injectable anticoagulant,
70
Define monocytes
Type of WBC that cleans up inflammation
71
Define neutrophil
:neutrophils-make up 60% of WBCs
- when we stain them wrights stain they will stain with light pink to reddish purple
- nucleus has two to five lobes
- can only remain active for ten to twelve hours once activated
- secrete enzymes called lysozomes which destroys bacteria
- scavenger cells of body,major phagocytosis which cleans up antigen antibody reactions
72
Define osmotic pressure
Osmotic pressure is the pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of water across a semipermeable membrane.[1] It is also defined as the minimum pressure needed to nullify osmosis. Maintained by electrolytes, plasma proteins, and albumins in blood
73
Define spectrin
Spectrin is a cytoskeletal protein that lines the intracellular side of the plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells. The protein is named spectrin since it was first isolated as a major protein component of human red blood cells
74
Describe elastic arteries
:elastic(conducting) arteries-thick walled arteries near the heart, the aorta and its major branches
- large lumen allow low resistance conduction of blood
- contain elastin in all three tunics
- withstand and smooth out large BP fluctuations
- serve as pressure reservoirs
75
Describe muscular arteries
:muscular(distributing)arteries and arterioles
- muscular arteries:distal to elastic arteries and deliver blood to body organs
- have a thick tunica media with more smooth muscle
- active in vasoconstriction
- arterioles:smallest artery,lead to capillary bed,and control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and constriction
76
Describe tunics of arteries
Contain a lot of elastin for better contraction
77
Diastole
Relaxation of heart muscle
78
Endocardium
endothelial layer of inner myocardial surface,made of simple squamous epithelial tissue,lines chambers of heart,and functions to give smooth surface for good flow
79
Epicardium
visceral layer of the serous pericardium
80
Erythropoietin stimulates
1. A glycoprotein hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells by stem cells in bone marrow. Produced mainly by the kidneys, it is released in response to decreased levels of oxygen in body tissue
81
Estrogen stimulates
Stimulates estrus
82
External jugular vein
external jugular vein - formed by the junction of the posterior auricular and the retromandibular veins; empties into the subclavian vein
83
Factors of plasma
90% water,1-2% inorganic substances minerals and electrolytes,7-9% plasma proteins
84
Femoral artery
The main artery of the thigh, supplying blood to the groin and lower extremity.
85
Femoral vein
femoral vein - a vein that accompanies the femoral artery in the same sheath; a continuation of the popliteal vein; becomes the external iliac vein
86
Fibrous pericardium
The membranous sac filled with serous fluid that encloses the heart and the roots of the aorta and other large blood vessels.
87
Function of tricuspid
Prevents backflow into right atrium or closes off between right ventricle and right atrium
88
Function aortic valve
Prevents backflow into left ventricle or closes off between aorta and left ventricle
89
Function mitral valve
Prevents backflow into left atrium or closes off between left atrium and left ventricle
90
Functions of parts of conduction of the heart
SA Node or sinus atrial:located in upper right hand corner of right atrium,initiates action which spreads through atria ad in called pacemaker,all normal sinus rhythm has to begin in SA node,takes .04 seconds to travel AV Node
- AV node or atrioventricular node:found next to tricuspid valve,works like stoplight allowing atria to contract and move blood
- bundle of HIS:found in inter-ventricular septum,passageway for impulses
- bundle branches:extends through the septum to apex of each ventricle
- purkinje fibers:cardiac muscles fibers that allow ventricles to contract at one time
91
Function of right ventricular systole
ventricle systole:atria relax,rising ventricular pressure results in closing of AV vales,isovolumetric contraction phase,ventricular ejection phase opens semilunar valves
92
Function of pulmonary valve
Prevents backflow into the right ventricle or separates right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
93
Globin
In a RBC and carries the carbon dioxide
94
Great saphenous vein
great saphenous vein - the longest vein in the body; runs from foot to the groin where it joins the femoral vein
95
Heart sounds
:heart sounds(lup dup)-associated with closing if heart valves
- first sound occurs as AV(atrioventricular) vales close and signifies beginning of systole
- second sound occurs when SL(semi lunar) valves close at the beginning of ventricular diastole
96
Heart valve functions
ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heart
97
Hemoglobin
In RBC used to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
98
Hemostasis
prevention of blood loss
- three phases,if first fails it goes to the second then if that fails goes to third
1. vasoconstriction-is immediate,temporary closure of smooth muscles,triggered by pain of open BV and chemotaxis,holds up to 20 minutes
2. platelet plug formation-first step is platelet adhesion through Von Willibrand's factor,second step is platelet release reaction which is caused by ADP(adenosine diphosphate and thromboxanes)which triggers more platelets to area
3. third thing is platelet aggregation which forms a bridge over area
99
Heparin stimulates
Secreted by type of WBC called basophils and is secreted by basophils to thin blood
100
Hypertension
- hypertension:condition of sustained arterial pressure of 140/90 or higher
- transient elevations are normal and can be caused by fever physical exertion and emotional upset
- chronic elevations is major cause of heart failure,vascular disease,renal failure,and stroke
101
Hypotension
- othostatic hypotension:temporary low BP and dizziness when suddenly rising from a sitting or reclining position
- chronic hypotension:hint of poor nutrition and warning for Addison's disease
- acute hypotension:important sign of circulatory shock
- threat to patients undergoing surgery and those in intensive care units
102
Hypovolemic shock
hypovolemic shock - shock caused by severe blood or fluid loss
103
Inferior mesenteric artery
inferior mesenteric artery - arises near the lower end of the aorta and supplies the large intestine
104
Inter atrial septum
Septum or wall that divides right and left atriums
105
Internal carotid artery
- the branch of the carotid artery that supplies blood to the brain and eyes and internal parts of the head
106
Internal iliac artery
internal iliac artery - the inner branch of the common iliac artery on either side of the body; divides into several branches that supply blood to the pelvic and gluteal areas
107
Iron
Humans also use iron in the hemoglobin of red blood cells, in order to transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and to transport carbon dioxide back to the lungs.
108
Layers of serous pericardium
Pericardium is a tough double layered membrane which covers the heart. The space between the two layers of it is filled with a pericardium fluid which protects the heart from any kind of jerk. There are two layers to the pericardial sac: the outermost fibrous pericardium and the inner serous pericardium. The serous pericardium is divided into two layers, the parietal pericardium, which is fused to and inseparable from the fibrous pericardium, and the visceral pericardium, which is part of the epicardium. The epicardium is the layer immediately outside of the heart muscle proper (the myocardium)
109
Left subclavian artery
The subclavian artery is paired major arteries of the upper thorax (chest), below the clavicle (collar bone) in human anatomy. They receive blood from the aortic arch. The left subclavian artery supplies blood to the left arm and the right subclavian artery supplies blood to the right arm, with some branches supplying the head and thorax.
110
Left ventricle is bigger why?
Because it has to pump blood to the entire body so it needs to be bigger and stronger
111
WBCs
:leukocytes-the only blood components that are complete cells:are less numerous than RBCs,make up 1% of blood volume,can leave capillaries via diapedesis,and move through tissue spaces
- prevents invasion of pathogens
- cleans up dead cells and debris
- kill or destroy pathogens:moves like an amoeba,moves through capillaries by diapedesis,chemotaxis or the WBC become chemically attracted to area,and phagocytosis
:granulocytes-neutrophils,eosinophils,and basophils(WBC)
- contain cytoplasmic granules that stain with Wrights stain(acidic,basic,or both)
- are larger and usually shorter lived than RBCs
- have lobed nuclei
- are all phagocytes
112
Myocardium
- myocardium:cardiac muscle layer forming the bulk of the heart,strong,not smooth muscle but its involuntary,and once you lose it you can't get it back
- interconnection of the fibers:all fibers can be stimulated at the same time
- laws of the heart:the amount of blood in the heart influences how hard the heart pumps
- all or none law:all fibers have to contract or none of them do
- refractory period:the time that it takes us to recover, the first phase is absolute refractory(no matter how strong of stimulus it can't contract), the second phase is relative refractory period or it takes a stronger than normal stimuli
113
Pericardial cavity
The pericardial cavity (or pericardial space) is a potential space between the parietal pericardium and visceral layer. It contains a supply of serous fluid. The serous fluid that is found in this space is known as the pericardial fluid.
114
Peripheral pulse sites
Right and left radial arteries. Right and left dorsalis pedis arteries. Right and left posterior tibial arteries. Right and left anterior tibial arteries.
115
Peripheral resistance
opposition to flow
- measure of the amount of friction blood encounters
- generally encountered in the systemic circulation
- the three important sources of resistance are blood viscosity,total blood vessel length,and BV diameter
- resistance factors that remain relatively constant:blood viscosity or stickiness and blood vessel length or the longer the vessel the greater the resistance encountered
- changes in vessel diameter are frequent and significantly alter peripheral resistance
- small diameter arterioles are the major determinants of peripheral resistance
116
Phagocytosis
Engulfing of microorganisms by WBCs
117
Phases of hemostasis
:hemostasis-prevention of blood loss
- three phases,if first fails it goes to the second then if that fails goes to third
1. vasoconstriction-is immediate,temporary closure of smooth muscles,triggered by pain of open BV and chemotaxis,holds up to 20 minutes
2. platelet plug formation-first step is platelet adhesion through Von Willibrand's factor,second step is platelet release reaction which is caused by ADP(adenosine diphosphate and thromboxanes)which triggers more platelets to area
3. third thing is platelet aggregation which forms a bridge over area
118
Physiology of heart attack
number one cause is CAD
- heart muscle doesn't get enough oxygen
- causes:CAD,vascular spasms(vessel clamps down),clots or embolus
- warning signs:chest discomfort,location of discomfort,duration(longer than 30 minutes),sweating or diaphoresis,SOB,nausea and vomiting,weakness,apprehension and fear,denial,and pale
119
Plasma proteins and amounts
- 7-9% is plasma proteins with five functions:back up inorganic substances as buffer,osmotic pressure,viscosity or thickness to blood,creates stability to suspension,reservoir for amino acids
- types of plasma proteins:60% of plasma proteins are albumins which are binding sites and maintain osmotic pressure,40% are globulins(three types of globulins:alpha,beta which carry iron and cholesterol,and gamma which produce antibodies) bind and carry thyroxin and lipids,and 4-10% fibrinogen which blood clots and does hemostasis
120
Platelets
Platelets are cell fragments and they are sticky so they can bind to together to clot blood also called thrombocytes
121
Protective functions of blood
protection-blood prevents blood loss by:activation plasma proteins and platelets,initiating clot formation when a vessel is broken
-prevents infection:synthesizes and utilizes antibodies,activate complement proteins,and activates WBCs to defend body against foreign invaders
122
Pulmonary artery
The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. It is one of the only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood.
the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary artery or main pulmonary artery) begins at the base of the right ventricle. It then branches into two pulmonary arteries (left and right), which deliver de-oxygenated blood to the corresponding lung.
123
Pulmonary vein
The pulmonary veins are large blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. In humans there are four pulmonary veins, two from each lung. They carry oxygenated blood, which is unusual since almost all other veins carry deoxygenated blood.
124
Pulse
represents the tactile arterial palpation of the heartbeat. The pulse may be palpated in any place that allows an artery to be compressed against a bone, such as at the neck (carotid artery), on the inside of the elbow (brachial artery), at the wrist (radial artery), at the groin (femoral artery), behind the knee (popliteal artery), near the ankle joint (posterior tibial artery), and on foot (dorsalis pedis artery). Pulse (or the count of arterial pulse per minute) is equivalent to measuring the heart rate.
125
Purkinje fibers
Ensure that both ventricles contract at the same time
126
Radial artery
The radial artery arises from the bifurcation of the brachial artery in the cubital fossa. It runs distally on the anterior part of the forearm. There, it serves as a landmark for the division between the anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm, with the posterior compartment beginning just lateral to the artery
127
Radial vein
In anatomy, the radial veins are venae comitantes that accompany the radial artery through the back of the hand and the lateral aspect of the forearm. They join the ulnar veins to form the brachial veins.
128
Regulatory functions of blood
:auto regulation-automatic adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its requirements at any given point in time
- blood flow through an individual organ us intrinsically controlled by modifying diameter of local arterioles feeding its capillaries
- MAP remains constant while local demands regulate amount of blood delivered to various areas according to need
129
Renal artery
The renal arteries normally arise off the side of the abdominal aorta, immediately below the superior mesenteric artery, and supply the kidneys with blood. Each is directed across the crus of the diaphragm, so as to form nearly a right angle with the aorta.
130
Role of coronary arteries
Coronary circulation is the circulation of blood in the blood vessels of the heart muscle (myocardium). The vessels that deliver oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium are known as coronary arteries. The vessels that remove the deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle are known as cardiac veins.
131
Steps for blood cell formation
:production of RBCs is called erythropoesis
- a hemocytoblast is transformed into a proerythroblast
- proerythroblast develop into early erythroblasts
- the developmental pathway consists of three phases:1. Ribosome synthesis in early erythroblasts, 2. Hb accumulation in late erythroblasts and normoblasts, 3. Ejection of the nucleus from normoblasts and formation of reticulocytes
- reticulocytes then become mature RBCs
132
Subclavian vein
Each subclavian vein is a continuation of the axillary vein and runs from the outer border of the first rib to the medial border of anterior scalene muscle. From here it joins with the internal jugular vein to form the brachiocephalic vein (also known as "innominate vein"). The angle of union is termed the venous angle.
133
Superior vena cava
The superior vena cava (also known as the cava or cva) is a large diameter, yet short, vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body to the heart's right atrium. It is located in the anterior right superior mediastinum.[1]
134
Suspension solution
Suspension (chemistry), mixture of two chemicals with the property that one does not rapidly settle out
135
Systole
Contraction of Heart muscle
136
Thrombocyte characteristics
Small,irregular,cell fragments,sticky
137
Trace of pulmonary circulation
Right ventricle,pulmonary valve,pulmonary trunk,left pulmonary artery,arterioles,capillaries(where it becomes fully oxygenated),venules,veins,left pulmonary vein,left atrium
138
Trigger factors for erythropoiesis
:hormonal control of erythropoesis-erythropoietin(EPO) release by kidneys is triggered by:hypoxia,decreased oxygen availability,and increased tissue demand for oxygen
-enhanced erythropoiesis increases the:RBC count in circulating blood,and oxygen carrying ability of the blood
139
Universal donor
AB
140
Universal recipient
O
141
Vascular spasm
n a sudden constriction of the blood vessels causing reduction or stoppage in blood flow. A vascular spasm in vessels of the brain can result in a stroke; in the vessels of the heart it can result in a heart attack.
142
Vasoconstriction
Wen blood vessel gets smaller
143
Vasodilation
Blood vessel gets bigger
144
Visceral layer
-epicardium:visceral layer of the serous pericardium
145
What is angina?
Angina is pain, "discomfort," or pressure localized in the chest that is caused by an insufficient supply of blood (ischemia) to the heart muscle. It is also sometimes characterized by a feeling of choking, suffocation, or crushing heaviness. This condition is also called angina pectoris.
146
What is ischemia
Ischemia is an insufficient supply of blood to an organ, usually due to a blocked artery.
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What's myocarditis
Inflammation of heart muscle
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What's pericarditis
Inflammation of the covering of the heart
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Tunica externa
pl. tunicae [L.] a covering or coat; a membranous covering of an organ or a distinct layer of the wall of a hollow structure, as a blood vessel. See also tunic.
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Tunica media
Middle layer that contains smooth muscle usually more in arteries
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Tunica intima
Innermost layer of BV
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Best place to take pulse
Over heart called apical pulse
