Cardiovascular System

Question 1

Name the general components of the cardiovascular system. Describe the general function of the cardiovascular system. how much blood does an adult have

Answer 1

• Heart, Blood vessels, Blood.
• Functions to carry nutrients, hormones, waste, temperature regulation, fight infection. An adult has 4-6 liters of blood

Question 2

Name and give the function of the blood formed elements

Answer 2

-Erythrocytes- (hemoglobin)RBCs 
     carry oxygen; 
-Platelets
   Thrombocytes clot the blood
-White blood cells
    Leukocytes fight infection

Question 3

define hemoglobin

Answer 3

• Iron- red protein in RBC
• Carries 4 oxygen molecules
• Lack organelles so these cells are recycled

Question 4

define erythropoiesis

Answer 4

-Erythropoiesis is the process of making RBCs (specifically) and occurs in the red bone marrow,

Question 5

Define hemopoiesus

Answer 5

-hematopoiesis is the process of making any blood cell- occurs in the bone marrow

Question 6

Define Erythropoietin

Answer 6

• erythropoietin is a hormone made by the kidneys in response to too little blood (oxygen) going to the kidneys and it stimulates erythropoiesis.
• (can be genetic engineered, armstrong EPO)

Question 7

Compare the color of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

Answer 7

• Oxygenated- bright red

- deoxygenated- dull red/blue

Question 8

Describe the ABO blood typing system. Which type is considered the universal donor, Universal recipient

Answer 8

• A-blood has A antigens on its surface
• B- blood has B antigens on its surface
• AB- universal recipient- both antigens
• O- universal donor- no antigens

-in the plasma portion of the blood, type A blood has B antibodies circulating; type B blood has A antibodies circulation; Type AB blood couldn’t have any antibodies circulating or else you would destroy your own blood

Question 9

Define Rh factor and erythroblastosis fetalis

Answer 9

• If Rh Factor is present, you are Rh positive.
• If it is absent you are Rh negative.
• If a Rh negative woman gets exposed to Rh positive blood, she will make antibodies against Rh factor because it is foreign to her.
  
  • These circulating antibodies could cross the placenta and attack the blood of her fetus that is Rh positive and kill the fetus. This disease is erythroblastosis fetalis.

Question 10

Describe the structural and functional features of the different types of granulocytes and agranulocytes

Answer 10

-Granulocytes
(with the dots) are neutrophils (most common WBC
-eosinophils (red granuals, parasites) and basophils (dark purple dots, contains histamine, inhibits clotting) basically operate as phagocytes.
-Agranulocytes
(with out dots) are
-monocytes (=macrophages) which are powerful phagocytes (chronic infection)
-Lymphocytes which operate in immunity to keep you healthy. (second most common T cells and b cells, immunity specific memory)

Question 11

Describe the steps in hemostasis include the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, where are most clotting factors made?

Answer 11

• Clotting factors are made in the liver.
  
  • In hemostasis, first there is vascular constriction to decrease the amount of bleeding. Then platelets attempt to plug the hole. Then, comes coagulation which is extrinsic if there is damage outside of the blood vessel.
• This pathway is a quick pathway starting with the release of
  
  • thromboplastin and finally completing by activating
  • prothrombin to thrombin which causes fibrinogen to activate to fibrin.
• This fibrin is responsible for the thick and solid clot that we know as coagulation.
• With intrinsic pathway, there must be internal blood vessel damage and it is a longer pathway.
  
  • It involves the conversion of several clotting factors from an inactive to an active form.
• It ends with the thrombin and fibrin production as described above.
• Lastly, the fibrin threads pull together squeezing out some serum making a dry solid clot in a process called clot retraction.

Question 12

Name the vitamin important in synthesizing some clotting factors (esp prothrombin)

Answer 12

-k

Question 13

Explain how clots dissolve

Answer 13

-Plasmin is released by neighboring cells of the blood vessel as they undergo mitosis to repair the injury. This will dissolve away the clot as healing occurs.

Question 14

Describe the prevention of intravascular clotting

Answer 14

• Blood vessel endothelium is smooth, decreasing chance of spontaneous clotting.
• Heparin (anticoagulant) is released by basophils and an abundant connective tissue cell called a mast cell and this also prevents spontaneous clotting.

Question 15

Define thrombus, embolism (embolus), and serum

Answer 15

• thrombus- stationary (intravascular) clot, occurs spontaneously
• embolism- floating (thrombus) clot that could lodge and cause stroke
• Serum- plasma minus the clotting factors ^

Question 16

Explain why hemophaliacs tend to have abnormal clotting

Answer 16

• Abnormal intrinsic coagulation pathway due to genetic lack of Factor VIII.
• Why when we get a transplant, injection is needed to prevent out body from rejecting donor

Question 17

Name the general components of plasma

Answer 17

• Mostly water.
  
  • albumin that functions in osmosis to keep water in the bloodstream
  • globulins which are proteins that are primarily antibodies (fight infection proteins)
  • inactive clotting factors such as fibrinogen

Question 18

Define interstitial fluid

Answer 18

-Watery fluid bathing the tissues.

It is similar to plasma, but Outside of the blood vessel.