LQB187: Human Anatomy > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

(46 cards)

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1
Q

What is blood?

A
  • Fluid connective tissue
  • Cellular elements: RBCs, WBCs and platelets
  • Extracellular matrix = plasma
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2
Q

Describe the anatomy of erythrocytes

A

Function: transport oxygen from lungs to other tissues, and CO2 from tissues to lungs

Diameter: 7-8 um
No nucleus
Cytoplasm colour: diffusely reddish-pink
Biconcave shape
No mitochondria

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3
Q

Describe neutrophils

A

Function: Leave the bloodstream and enter loose connective tissue. Become active phagocytes and ingest bacteria

Size: 9-15um
Shape of nucleus: 2-4 lobes connected by fine chromatin
Cytoplasmic granules: fine, evenly distributed, purple granules

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4
Q

Describe lymphocytes

A

Function: Produce antibodies or directly kill cells

Size: 7-10um
Shape of nucleus: round/oval
Cytoplasm: rim of intensely basophils cytoplasm around nucleus

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5
Q

Describe monocytes

A

Function: Traverse capillary walls and enter adjacent connective tissue and become phagocytise macrophages

Size: 15-20um
Shape of nucleus: indented/kidney shaped
Cytoplasm colour: translucent grey-blue

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6
Q

Describe platelets

A
  • Membrane-bound fragments of cytoplasm from megakaryocytes (located in bone marrow)
  • Function: blood clotting
  • Often in small clusters
  • Diameter: 1-3um
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7
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

In the mediastinum of thoracic region

(Median region of thorax between the lungs)

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8
Q

What are the chambers of the heart

A

Left and right atrium (receives blood) and ventricle (pumps blood)

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9
Q

What is the pericardium?

A
  • double layered membrane that surrounds the heart
  • Heart is contained within the pericardial cavity

Pericardial sac: Outer wall of pericardial cavity. Attaches to sternum and central tendon of thoracic diaphragm

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10
Q

What are the great vessels of the heart

A
  • Superior vena cava
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Pulmonary veins
  • Pulmonary trunk
  • Aorta
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11
Q

What are the 2 circuits?

A

Pulmonary circuit: blood goes to lungs to be reoxygenated then flows back to the heart

Systematic circuit: blood flows to tissues of the body and back to the heart.

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12
Q

Describe the superior vena cava

A

One of the systematic veins

Drains blood from the head, neck, and upper limbs to empty into superior region of RA

No valves

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13
Q

Describe inferior vena cava

A

One of systematic veins

Drains blood from the abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs to empty into the inferior region of RA

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14
Q

Pulmonary veins

A
  • 4
  • Carry blood from lungs to drain into LA
  • No valves
  • Only veins to carry oxygenated blood
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15
Q

Describe pulmonary trunk

A
  • Terminally divides into R and L pulmonary arteries
  • Carries deoxygenated blood from RV to lungs
  • Only arteries that carry deoxy. Blood
  • Has pulmonary semilunar valve
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16
Q

Describe aorta

A

Carries blood from LV to most parts of the body

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17
Q

Why is left ventricle thicker?

A

LV wall and interventricular septum have thicker myocardium because more pressure is needed to pump blood around the long systematic circuit, compared to pulmonary circuit

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18
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Middle coat of the heart, and the thickest

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19
Q

General features of the RA

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A

Thin-walled chamber that lies superior to RV.
Receives blood from systematic circuit

20
Q

Orifice of superior/inferior vena cava

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A

Site where SVC/IVC empty
Located superiorly/inferiorly respectively in RA

21
Q

Coronary sinus opening

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A
  • Location: Internally in the wall of RA. In between orifice of IVC and right atrioventricular valve opening
  • Receives all blood draining from the heart itself
22
Q

Fossa Ovalis

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A

Thinnest part of interatrial septum, oval shape

Site of closure of the foremen ovale

23
Q

Auricle of RA

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A

Ear-shaped extension of RA; projects to the left from root of SVC

24
Q

Pectinate muscles

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A

Parallel muscular ridges on internal wall of majority of RA and R auricle

25
Right ventricle Function
Receives blood from RA via right atrioventricular orifice
26
Trabeculae carnae
Cross-crossing muscular ridges on internal walls of ventricle
27
Right atrioventricular valve
AKA tricuspid valve 3 triangular-shaped flaps (called cusps)
28
Papillary muscles of right ventricle
- 3 - internal cone shaped projections - attaches to seperate cusp of tricuspid valve via chordae tendinae
29
Chordae Tendinae of RV
- connective tissue fibrous cords - attach cusps of of tricuspid valve to papillary muscles - Function: maintain closed state of right AV
30
Pulmonary semilunar valve
- Location: base of pulmonary trunk - 3 cusps - Function: prevent backflow of blood from pulmonary trunk into RV
31
Left atrium general features
- Location: to the left and slightly posterior to RA - Function: Receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary blood circuit via pulmonary veins
32
Pulmonary veins
- 4 - Drain into LA - Carry oxygenated blood
33
Auricle of LA
- Similar to auricle of RA - Only part of LA that has **pectinate muscles**
34
General features of LV
- Thickest walls - Need more pressure to pump blood through the whole body - Recieves blood from LA - Drained by aorta - Trabeculae carnae line internal walls
35
Bicuspid Valve
- 2 cusps - Function: prevent backflow into LA
36
Papillary muscles of LV
- 2 - attaches to cusp of bicuspid valve via chordae tendinae
37
Aorta and aortic semilunar valve
- Drains LV → systemic circuit though aortic semilunar valve - ********************************************Aortic semilunar valve******************************************** - similar to pulmonary - 3 cusps - Function: prevents backflow from aorta
38
Blood supply and drainage of heart
- **L and R coronary arteries** - only collateral branches of ascending aorta - encircle the base of the ventricles - Function: supply oxygenated blood to the heart - **Coronary sinus** - Large dilated vein - Location: posterior aspect of the heart - Venous blood from myocardium returns into coronary sinus via coronary veins - Empties in RA to be reoxygenated
39
What are the layers of a blood vessel wall?
- Tunica intima - Tunica media - Tunica externa/adventitia
40
Parts of Tunica intima
- Endothelium: specialised squamous epithelium - Basement membrane: connective tissue - Outer layer: areolar connective tissue - Arteries: internal elastic membrane - Veins: contain valves
41
Describe tunica media
- Layers of **smooth muscle tissue** supported by connective tissue - elastic fibres predominate in arteries (arranged in circular sheets) - collagenous fibres predominate in veins - **Function**: vasoconstriction and vasodilation - Regulated in part by sympathetic vascular nerves in walls of blood vessels
42
External elastic membrane of tunica media
- **Loose connective tissue** - Seperates tunica media from tunica externa in **larger** arteries - Appears wavy in slides
43
Describe tunica externa
- Sheath of connective tissue composed mainly of collagenous fibres - Some elastic fibres - External layers blend with surrounding connective tissue outside the vessel to hold it in relative position - Prevents disruption of blood flow
44
What are the types of arteries?
- **Elastic artery** - Close to the heart - Thickest walls - High % of elastic fibres - allows them to expand, and recoil after surge of blood has passed - Diameter: 10mm - ******************************Muscular artery****************************** - Further from the heart - Elastic fibre amount in tunica intima decreases, smooth muscle in tunica media increases - Thick tunica media allows better vasoconstriction - Diameter: 0.1-10mm
45
Describe veins
- Conducts blood → heart - Multiple **************venules************** join to form veins - Thin walls - Large and irregular lumina - Valves (bc. low pressure) - ************Venae comitantes:************ paired deep veins run adjacent to an artery - found in distal regions of upper and lower limbs - **Communicating vein:** communicating section between paired veins
46
Describe capillaries
- Simple, endothelial tubes that form networks of narrow canals between arterioles and venules - **Function**: allows exchange of gases and other substances between blood and tissue - **Diameter**: Around 8um (diameter of erythrocyte) - Capillary Wall - Single layer of flattened endothelial cells, resting on a basement membrane. Supporting thin layer of connective tissue forms outermost layer - Leaky walls, allowing substances to pass through
LQB187: Human Anatomy
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