biology flashcards (flipping everything 😞) > cardiovascular system > Flashcards

cardiovascular system Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

diffusion

A

movement of molecules, particles, or ions along the concentration gradient

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2
Q

concentration gradient

A

difference in concentration of a molecule, particle, or ion in two different regions

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3
Q

surface area to volume ratio

A

the relationship between the surface area of an organism and its volume

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4
Q

mass transport system

A

an arrangement of vessels
transports substances dissolved in a fluid
with a mechanism to move the fluid

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5
Q

open circulation

A

blood moves freely in open spaces

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6
Q

closed circulation

A

blood moves in closed pipe-like structures

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7
Q

single circulation

A

blood passes the heart once to mark one cycle

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8
Q

double circulation

A

blood passes the heart twice to mark one cycle

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9
Q

systemic system

A

oxygenated blood moves from the blood to the body
deoxygenated blood moves from the body to the heart

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10
Q

pulmonary system

A

deoxygenated blood moves from the heart to the lungs to get reoxygenated
oxygenated blood moves from the lungs to the heart

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11
Q

benefits of double curculation

A

separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
blood moves at higher pressure continuously as oxygenated blood is pumped again by entering the heart from the lungs

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12
Q

mass transport system features

A

exchange system
making sure required substances enter the body and waste leaves (substances move in the right directions)
adapting rate of transport according to the organisms needs
a transport medium
a mechanism to move the fluid at high pressure and speeds
system of vessels

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13
Q

sa to vol. ratio rule

A

as size decreases, volume and surface area both decrease, but volume decreases more significantly. so the surface area to volume ratio is larger

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14
Q

plasma

A

fluid part of blood

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15
Q

bone marrow

A

soft, fatty, mushy tissue found in the center of bones

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16
Q

buffer

A

a solution or substance that is used to resist ph

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17
Q

granulocytes

A

white blood cells that contain granules

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18
Q

granules

A

organelles that are used to stain wbc’s

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19
Q

platelets

A

leftovers fragments that are produced from the breakdown of megakaryocytes. used in blood clotting

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20
Q

megakaryotes

A

large cells produced in bone marrows

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21
Q

thymus gland

A

a gland where white blood cells go to mature

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22
Q

oxyhaemoglobin

A

a molecule formed when molecules of oxygen bind with haemoglobin

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23
Q

partial oxygen pressure

A

the concentration of oxygen in blood expressed as the pressure it would exert if it occupied a volume

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24
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

an enzyme used to catalyse the conversion of co2 and water into carbonic acid, and carbonic acid to hco3- and h+ ions

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25
chloride shift
the movement of hco3- ions from erythrocyte cytoplasm to plasma, and cl- ions from plasma to erythrocyte cytoplasm to maintain ion balance
26
bohr effect
as pco2 increases, %saturation decreases (more H+ ions bind to Hb) as po2 increases, %saturation increases (more O2 molecules bind readily to Hb since H+ ions are exhaled)
27
myoglobin
fetal haemoglobin that has a higher oxygen affinity
28
adaptations of rbc
biconcave, thin cell membrane, no nucleus, sizes are roughly equal to diameter of capillary
29
wbc features
can change shape to squeeze into capillaries, very large size
30
why is %saturation less in respiring tissues
- first o2 molecule released from Hb molecule into cytoplasm of rbc. - o2 diffuses to respiring cells, producing co2 and water - co2 and water converted into h+ ions and hco3- ions - h+ ions has higher affinity for Hb than o2 - Hb binds with h+ ions and HHb is formed - so less percentage of o2 molecules binded to hb molecules since all remaining o2 molecules are released - %saturation decreases
31
why is %saturation high in lungs
- h+ and hco3- ions converted to co2 + water and exhaled - o2 diffuses into rbc from lungs - affinity for o2 in Hb molecules increase due to release of h+ ions - o2 molecules bind faster with Hb molecules - more Hb molecules are binded with o2 molecules (more oxyhaemoglobin produced) - %saturation of oxygen high in lungs
32
structure of arteries
tunica externa - made of collagen and elastic fibres (withstand high pressure in blood) tunica media - middle layer made of muscle and elastic fibres to stretch and recoil and contract/relax (smooth muscle fibres) tunica intima - innermost layer made of one layer of endothelial cells to reduce friction between blood and artery
33
peripheral arteries
arteries further away from blood but closer to heart than arterioles
34
arterioles
smallest type of arteries in the arterial system
35
why do peripheral arteries and arterioles have more smooth muscle fibres
they are involved in blood flow control. smooth muscle is used to make lumen bigger/smaller
36
artery adaptations
tunica intima is folded to prevent its damage and it exists to reduce friction between blood and artery tunica media is made of smooth muscle and elastic fibres for vasoconstriction/vasodilation and for stretching and recoiling (maintain pressure) respectively tunica externa has collagen to withstand high pressure without breaking small lumen to maintain high pressure to increase resistance
37
vein adaptations
thinner layers for a large lumen semilumar valves promote unidirectional blood flow a large lumen helps reduce resistance as blood travels against gravity
38
why are muscle fibres in thr tunica media in major arteries
to ensure lumen shape remains the same
39
capillaries adaptations
one cell thick wall to reduce diffusion distance they are many to increase total surface area (more diffusion) diameter is approximately equal to rbc size to reduce diffusion distance and also ensure rbc move slowly to allow for more time for exchange of substances endothelial pores allow tissue fluid to be squeezed out to cover cells with nutrients to diffuse from tissue fluid to cells
40
venous pump
skeletal muscles surrounding veins contract to open valves, and relax to close them. only happens during activity (like exercise)
41
define venous pump
mechanism that aids in movement of deoxygenated blood
42
vasoconstriction
decrease in lumen size due to contraction of smooth muscles
43
serotonin
a chemical released when platelets come into contact with collagen used to help in vasoconstriction
44
thromboplastin
an enzyme released when platelets come into contact with collagen used to catalyse conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
45
prothrombin
soluble INACTIVE *precursor* to thrombin
46
thrombin
a soluble active enzyme used to catalyse the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
47
fibrinogen
SOLUBLE INACTIVE plasma protein precursor to fibrin
48
fibrin
*IN*SOLUBLE active protein used to form a mesh
49
blood clotting stages
damaged tissue → platelets and rbc released → platelets and collagen interactions forms serotonin and thromboplastin thromboplastin + Ca2+ prothrombin → thrombin thrombin+ fibrinogen→ fibrin fibrin + rbc + activated platelets →clot clot + special platelet protein → scab
50
aorta
transports oxy blood to body
51
pulmonary vein
transport oxy blood from lungs to heart
52
superior/inferior vena cava
superior: transport deoxygenated blood from upper body parts to heart inferior: transport deoxygenated blood from lower body parts to heart
53
pulmonary artery
transports deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs
54
tricuspid valve
valve with three flaps of skin between right artium and ventricle
55
bicuspid/mitral valve
valve with two flaps of skin between left atrium and ventricle
56
aortic valve
valve between left ventricle and aorta
57
pulmonary valve
valve between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
58
tendinous cords
cords that prevent the av valves from turning outward
59
septum
structure that separates the left and right side of the heart
60
papillary muscle
muscles that make up the *ventricles*
61
pericardium
outer layer of the heart made of two layers of muscle which contain pericardial fluid
62
pericardial fluid
fluid between the two muscular layers used for lubrication to ensure smooth muscle functioj
63
coronary artery
arteries that branch from the aorta that provide nutrients to the myocardium
64
myocardium
heart muscles as a whole
65
features of the heart
made of cardiac muscles which work continuously without exhaustion good blood supply due to coronary arteries blood supplied to *myo*cardium contains *myo*globin
66
cardiac cycle stages
artial systole ventricular systole cardiac diastole
67
atherosclerosis
hardening and reduced flexibility of the artery walls
68
why does atherosclerosis only affect arteries
arteries transport blood at high pressure, so endothelium is likely to get damaged
69
stages of atherosclerosis
damaged endothelium → inflammatory response (wbc) → wbc attract cholesterol (from blood) to damaged endothelium → cholesterol deposits in the endothelium → atheroma made of foam cells and cholesterol forms → calcium salts and smooth muscle released and turn into hardened plaque
70
effects of atherosclerosis
angina myocardial infarction aneurysm high blood pressure
71
define angina and myocardial infarction
angina - buildup of plaque in the endothelium of the coronary artery, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle myocardial infarction - obstruction of blood to the myocardium caused by the rupture of a atherosclerotic plaque, forming a blood clot in the coronary artery
72
define aneurysm
weakening and bulging of the arteries due to accumulation of blood behind a plaque
73
thrombus
clot in a blood vessel
74
stent
a mechanical means of ensuring the arteries remains open and allow proper blood flow
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