1
Q
immunohistochemistry (IHC)
A
- a technique in which tissue antigens on frozen tissue sections are identified
- antigens are detected by the use of specific antibodies coupled to either fluorescent compounds or pigmented entities, allowing the pathologist to view these interactions on a fluoroscope or through a microscope
- also various methods of amplifying the interactions, or enzymatically exposing masked antigens to aid in their visualization
2
Q
needle aspiration biopsy
A
- the removal of tissue fragments through the use of a needle
- this approach is usually highly specific & predictive if positive, but sample size is typically too small to perform histological analysis
3
Q
flow cytometry
A
- method of analyzing populations of cells in suspension for various properties
- cells (i.e. tumor sample cells) are aspirated into the fluidic system of a machine (called a flow cytometer)
- cells are mixed w/a fluid that places them in suspension & a unidirectional or laminar flow is created
- as each cell flows past a laser sensor, photons emitted are picked up & intensified by photomultiplier tubes
- data is electronically converted into either histograms or dot plots that compare characteristics of the cells in the population
3
Q
incisional biopsy
A
- surgical removal of only a small portion of the tumor
- this approach provides more information but requires meticulous technique to avoid sampling mistakes & the induction of tumor spread
3
Q
excisional biopsy
A
- complete excision of a suspected tumor area
- used for relatively small tumors or when other methods are inconclusive
4
Q
needle core biopsy
A
using a special needle to excise & retrieve a section of tissue large enough for histological analysis
5
Q
PCR molecular diagnostic technique
A
- amplifies the amount of DNA, which is usually then used in other methodologies, such as sequencing
- an enzyme called reverse transcriptase is used to generate DNA copies called cDNA from an RNA template w/short nucleotide chains or oligonucleotides as primers
- number of cDNA copies is then usually amplified through a process called nesting
6
Q
southern blotting molecular diagnostic technique
A
- uses enzymatic digestion of a pt sample, electrophorectic separation of the products, then probing or blotting w/suitable molecular probes
- latter methodology is labor intensive & slow
7
Q
tumor marker assays
A
- quantify levels of certain molecules found in serum, other body fluids, cells, & tissues that have an association w/the presence of malignancy
- most of the available assays are either radioimmunoassays (RIAs) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), which respectively use radioisotopes or enzymes linked to various substances (often specific antibodies) as detection vehicles
- value of these immunoassays depends upon their specificity (i.e. their ability to accurately detect malignancy vs. normal tissue or benign growths) & sensitivity (the capacity for early detection during screening or preliminary Dx)
8
Q
sensitivity
A
- the ability to detect small differences
- defined as a percentage of positive test results in cases of true disease (when also accounting for false negatives)
9
Q
specificity
A
the percentage of true negatives that are not picked up as false positives by the test
10
Q
predictive value
A
postive ____________ is a measurement of the proportion of true disease positives that are detected by the test
11
Q
incidence rate
A
- refers to the number of new cases that are diagnosed in a given time period, typically a yr
- reported as the number of cases per 100,000 individuals
12
Q
prevalence rate
A
- refers to the total number of cases that were active during any part of a given time period, typicall a yr
- reported as number of cases per 100,000 individuals
- always higher that incidence rates for the same time period since ________________ count all the same cases that incidence rates do + all previously diagnoses cases that are still active
13
Q
A
OCN Study
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