A&P - Block 1 MSK > Carnivore Skeleton - Appendicular > Flashcards

Carnivore Skeleton - Appendicular Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary function of the forelimbs in locomotion?

A

Shock absorbers and braking mechanisms

The forelimbs help in absorbing shock and providing braking during movement.

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2
Q

How is the scapula attached to the trunk?

A

Suspended by the thoracic sling

This group of muscles connects the forelimb to the trunk, allowing increased stride length and flexibility.

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3
Q

True or false: There is a bony connection between the forelimb and the trunk.

A

FALSE

The forelimb is not attached by bone, which allows for greater flexibility.

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4
Q

What percentage of the animal’s body weight does the thoracic limb bear in quadrupeds?

A

Approximately 60%

This indicates the significant role of the forelimb in supporting the body.

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5
Q

Name the regions of the appendicular skeleton related to the forelimb.

A
  • Scapula
  • Brachium
  • Antebrachium
  • Manus

These regions correspond to different parts of the forelimb.

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6
Q

What bones are included in the Brachium?

A

Humerus

The Brachium refers to the upper arm region.

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7
Q

What bones are included in the Antebrachium?

A
  • Radius
  • Ulna

The Antebrachium refers to the lower arm region.

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8
Q

What are the components of the Manus?

A
  • Carpal bones
  • Metacarpals
  • Phalanges

The Manus refers to the hand or paw structure.

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9
Q

What is the joint at the shoulder called?

A

Glenohumeral joint

This joint connects the forelimb to the body at the shoulder.

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10
Q

What joints are involved in the elbow?

A
  • Humeroradial joint
  • Humeroulnar joint
  • Radioulnar joint

These joints facilitate movement at the elbow.

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11
Q

What joints are found in the carpus?

A
  • Radiocarpal joint
  • Ulnacarpal joint
  • Intercarpal joints
  • Carpometacarpal articulations

These joints allow for flexibility and movement in the wrist area.

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12
Q

What is another name for the Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint?

A

‘Fetlock’

This joint is crucial for the movement of the digits.

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13
Q

What are the two types of interphalangeal joints?

A
  • Proximal interphalangeal joints
  • Distal interphalangeal joints

These joints are located between the phalanges of the digits.

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14
Q

What is the clavicle also known as?

A

Collar Bone

In dogs, the clavicle is absent or may be a remnant, while in cats, it is present but does not articulate with other bones.

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15
Q

In dogs, the clavicle is described as _______ if present.

A

remnant of bone

This remnant lies in the muscle cranial to the shoulder joint.

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16
Q

What is the length of the clavicle in cats?

A

~ 1cm

The clavicle in cats has a curved appearance.

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17
Q

What shape is the scapula?

A

Large flat, triangular shaped

The scapula has a prominent ridge known as the scapula spine.

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18
Q

What are the two fossae divided by the scapula spine?

A
  • Supraspinous fossa
  • Infraspinous fossa

The supraspinous fossa is located in front of the spine.

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19
Q

What is the acromion?

A

Distal tip of scapula spine

It serves as a palpable landmark.

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20
Q

What does the glenoid cavity form with the humerus?

A

Shoulder joint

It is a concave articular surface.

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21
Q

Where does the biceps arise from on the scapula?

A

Supraglenoid tubercle

This is a specific anatomical feature of the scapula.

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22
Q

What muscle arises from the coracoid process?

A

Coracobrachialis

This is located at the back of the scapula.

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23
Q

What is the subscapular fossa?

A

Where subscapularis muscle sits

It is one of the muscles that holds the scapula to the body.

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24
Q

What is the facies serrata?

A

Serrated surface where muscle attaches

This surface is located on the scapula.

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25
What type of attachment does the **scapula** have in cats and rabbits?
No bony attachment; muscular thoracic sling ## Footnote This allows the scapula to slide across ribs for better range of motion.
26
What is the **suprahamic process**?
An extra process on the scapula in cats and rabbits ## Footnote It is a specific anatomical feature that aids in their movement.
27
What is the **humerus**?
Long bone of the brachium ## Footnote It articulates proximally with the scapula at the shoulder joint.
28
What is the **head of the humerus**?
Proximal rounded projection that sits in the glenoid cavity of the shoulder ## Footnote It is crucial for the shoulder joint's function.
29
What does the **neck of the humerus** refer to?
Shaft of bone distal to the head ## Footnote It connects the head to the body of the humerus.
30
What is the **greater tubercle**?
Prominence on the cranial and lateral aspect of the humerus ## Footnote It is a palpable point of bone on the front of the dog.
31
What is the **deltoid tuberosity**?
A roughened area on the humerus for muscle attachment ## Footnote It serves as the attachment point for the deltoid muscle.
32
What is the **intertubercular groove**?
A groove between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus ## Footnote It allows for the passage of the biceps tendon.
33
What is the **olecranon fossa**?
A depression on the humerus that accommodates the olecranon of the ulna ## Footnote It is important for elbow joint movement.
34
What are the **epicondyles** of the humerus?
* Lateral epicondyle * Medial epicondyle ## Footnote These are bony projections that serve as attachment points for muscles and ligaments.
35
What is the **capitulum**?
A rounded structure on the humerus that articulates with the radius ## Footnote It is part of the elbow joint.
36
What are the **two bones** that form part of the lower forelimb (antebrachium)?
* Radius * Ulna ## Footnote These bones allow for pronation and supination of the forelimb.
37
The **radius** is located on which side of the forearm?
Thumb side ## Footnote The radius is the main weight-bearing bone of the forearm.
38
What is the **olecranon**?
Point of the elbow ## Footnote It acts as a lever for the triceps muscle.
39
What is the **anconeal process**?
Fits into the olecranon fossa during extension ## Footnote It stabilizes the joint with the radius and humerus.
40
What is the **trochlear notch**?
Cavity that holds humerus condyle ## Footnote It is part of the ulna and forms the elbow joint.
41
True or false: The **ulna** is shorter than the radius.
FALSE ## Footnote The radius is shorter than the ulna.
42
What condition is associated with **elbow dysplasia** related to the ulna?
* Fragmented coronoid process (FCP) * Ununited anconeal process (UAP) * Osteochondrosis dissecans of the trochlea humeri ## Footnote These conditions are clinically relevant in veterinary medicine.
43
What does the **styloid process** signify in the radius?
End of the radius ## Footnote It is a prominent feature at the distal end of the radius.
44
The **ulna** is described as having a 'twisted' structure. What does this mean?
Caudal at its proximal end but lateral at its distal end ## Footnote This structure allows for varying levels of movement across species.
45
Which species tend to have a greater range of motion in their forelimbs, cats or dogs?
Cats ## Footnote Prey hunting species generally have better pronation/supination ability.
46
What is the **incongruency of the elbow joint** (INC)?
Radius:ulna incongruity pertinent in chondrodystrophic breeds ## Footnote This condition can lead to pain and major issues in affected breeds.
47
What does the **trochlear notch** allow in the elbow joint?
Smooth flexion and extension ## Footnote If something, like a bit of bone, gets trapped in the trochlear notch, it can cause pain.
48
What percentage of cases involve the **carpus (carpal bones)** in this context?
76% ## Footnote This indicates a significant prevalence of carpal issues.
49
How many **short carpal bones** are there?
7 ## Footnote These bones are organized in two rows: proximal and distal.
50
List the **proximal carpal bones**.
* Radial * Intermediate * Ulnar ## Footnote These are the three bones in the proximal row of the carpus.
51
List the **distal carpal bones**.
* I * II * III * IV ## Footnote These bones are part of the distal row of the carpus.
52
What is located on the **lateral edge of the carpus**?
Accessory carpal bone ## Footnote This bone projects caudally and is used for muscle attachment.
53
How many **metacarpal bones** are there?
Five ## Footnote The metacarpal bones are named from I to V, from medial to lateral.
54
What is unique about **metacarpal bone I**?
Smaller and non-weight bearing (dew claw) ## Footnote It is the first metacarpal bone.
55
Each **digit** has how many phalanges, except digit 1?
Three phalanges, except digit 1 which has two ## Footnote The first and second phalanges are simple 'long' bones.
56
What is attached to the **3rd phalanx**?
Ungual process ## Footnote The ungual process is part of the claw.
57
How many phalanges make up **one digit**?
Three phalanges ## Footnote Each digit has proximal, middle, and distal phalanges.
58
What are the names of the **phalanges** in each digit?
* Proximal phalanx * Middle phalanx * Distal phalanx ## Footnote Each digit has these three types of phalanges.
59
Count from thumb to fifth finger: **How many phalanges** are there in total for digits 2 to 5?
Twelve phalanges ## Footnote Digits 2 to 5 each have three phalanges.
60
What is the **bony attachment** at the pelvis in the appendicular skeleton?
Pelvic Limb ## Footnote The pelvic limb is crucial for propulsion and acceleration.
61
What are the **regions** of the hindlimb in the appendicular skeleton?
* Thigh * Crus (Shank) * Pes (Foot) ## Footnote Each region has specific bones associated with it.
62
Name the **bones** found in the **thigh** region of the hindlimb.
* Femur * Patella ## Footnote The femur is the primary bone in the thigh.
63
What are the **bones** found in the **crus (shank)** region of the hindlimb?
* Tibia * Fibula ## Footnote These bones support the lower leg structure.
64
What are the **bones** found in the **pes (foot)** region of the hindlimb?
* Tarsal bones * Metatarsals * Phalanges ## Footnote These bones make up the structure of the foot.
65
What are the **major joints** associated with the **thigh**?
* Hip * Stifle ## Footnote The hip joint connects the thigh to the pelvis.
66
What are the **major joints** associated with the **crus (shank)**?
* Stifle * Hock ## Footnote The stifle joint is analogous to the human knee.
67
What are the **major joints** associated with the **pes (foot)**?
* Hock * Metatarsophalangeal * Interphalangeal ## Footnote These joints facilitate movement in the foot.
68
What is the **hip joint** also known as?
Acetabulofemoral joint ## Footnote This joint connects the femur to the pelvis.
69
What are the **articulations** involved in the **stifle/knee**?
* Femorotibial * Tibiofibular * Femoropatellar ## Footnote These articulations are crucial for knee function.
70
What are the **articulations** involved in the **tarsus**?
* Tibiotarsal * Intertarsal * Tarsometatarsal ## Footnote These joints are important for ankle movement.
71
What is the **Metatarsophalangeal (MTP)** joint commonly referred to as?
Fetlock ## Footnote This joint is significant in equine anatomy.
72
What are the **proximal and distal** joints in the foot?
* Proximal interphalangeal joints * Distal interphalangeal joints ## Footnote These joints allow for flexion and extension of the toes.
73
What is the **pelvis** made up of?
* Ilium * Ischium * Pubis * Acetabular bone (in some species) ## Footnote In dogs, the acetabular bone simply converges in the acetabulum.
74
The pelvis articulates with which two structures?
* Sacrum (sacroiliac joint) * Femur (hip joint) ## Footnote This articulation is crucial for movement and stability.
75
What is the **wing of ilium**?
Palpable dorsally at the top of the pelvis ## Footnote It is a prominent feature of the pelvis.
76
What is the **obturator foramen**?
Large holes on either side of the pubic symphysis for the obturator nerve ## Footnote It plays a role in the passage of nerves.
77
What is the **tuber coxae**?
Point of hip ## Footnote It is a notable landmark on the pelvis.
78
What is the **tuber ischii**?
Caudal prominence between glutes ## Footnote It serves as an attachment point for muscles.
79
The **hip joint** is classified as what type of joint?
Ball and socket joint ## Footnote The acetabulum serves as the socket for the femur.
80
What is the function of the **acetabulum**?
It is the socket for the hip joint ## Footnote It allows for a wide range of motion in the hip.
81
What is the **femur** commonly referred to as?
Thigh bone ## Footnote The femur is a long bone, similar in structure to the humerus.
82
What are the **two types of trochanters** found on the femur?
* Greater trochanter (lateral) * Lesser trochanter (medial) ## Footnote The greater trochanter is next to the femoral head and can be felt if the hip is dislocated.
83
Where does the **patella** sit and slide?
Trochlea at the distal end of the femur ## Footnote The trochlea is the groove where the patella articulates.
84
What are the **condyles** at the distal end of the femur responsible for?
They sit on top of the tibia to form the stifle ## Footnote The stifle is the joint in the hind limb of quadrupeds.
85
What are **fabellae**?
Small sesamoid in gastrocnemius tendon ## Footnote The fabellae are found in the tendons of certain muscles.
86
What is the **trochanteric fossa**?
A depression located on the femur ## Footnote It is situated between the greater and lesser trochanters.
87
What is the **linea aspera**?
A ridge on the posterior surface of the femur ## Footnote It serves as an attachment site for muscles.
88
What is the **popliteal surface**?
The area on the distal femur behind the knee ## Footnote It is important for muscle attachment and joint function.
89
What is the **trochanteric crest**?
A ridge on the femur that separates the greater and lesser trochanters ## Footnote It provides attachment for muscles.
90
What is the **body (shaft)** of the femur?
The long, cylindrical part of the femur ## Footnote It connects the proximal and distal ends of the femur.
91
What is the **function** of the **ligamentum teres**?
Holding the head of the femur in place ## Footnote It is one of the elements that help stabilize the femoral head.
92
The **capsular ligaments** are associated with which joint?
Stifle joint ## Footnote They provide stability to the joint.
93
What is the role of the **labrum** in the hip joint?
Cartilage that goes around to hold the head in ## Footnote It helps deepen the socket for better stability.
94
The **femur** joins which two bones at the **stifle joint**?
* Tibia * Fibula ## Footnote This joint is crucial for hind limb movement.
95
What are the **lateral and medial condyles** of the femur sitting on?
Menisci on top of tibia ## Footnote They help absorb shock and stabilize the joint.
96
What is the **trochlear groove**?
Gap for patella to sit ## Footnote It is essential for the proper function of the stifle joint.
97
What is the **patella** classified as?
Cranial sesamoid of the stifle joint ## Footnote It sits within the trochlear groove.
98
What is the function of the **patella tendon**?
Runs down and over patella ## Footnote It helps in the extension of the knee.
99
What does the **patella** prevent?
Quadriceps tendon from wearing out over joint ## Footnote It acts as a protective mechanism.
100
What are the **caudal sesamoids** called?
Fabellae ## Footnote They are located near the stifle joint.
101
What is a **luxating patella**?
When the patella pops out if the trochlear groove isn't deep enough ## Footnote This condition can lead to joint instability.
102
What is the **main weight bearing bone** of the lower limb?
Tibia ## Footnote The tibia articulates with the femur at the stifle joint.
103
What is the **proximal enlarged part** of the tibia called?
Tibial tuberosity ## Footnote This is the insertion point for the quadriceps femoris muscle.
104
What are the **two malleoli** found on the distal section of the tibia?
* Medial malleolus * Lateral malleolus ## Footnote These are the bony protrusions on the outside of the ankle.
105
What is the **thin long bone** that is lateral to the tibia?
Fibula ## Footnote In horses, the fibula disappears to nothing.
106
What is the **point of the hock** or heel bone called?
Calcaneus ## Footnote The calcaneal Achilles tendon inserts here.
107
What is the **smaller bone** that has a groove where the end of the tibia sits?
Talus ## Footnote The talus is part of the tarsus ('hock') region.
108
Fill in the blank: The **interosseous space** is located between the _______ and the fibula.
Tibia ## Footnote This space is important for muscle attachment and stability.
109
What are the **two condyles** found on the tibia?
* Lateral condyle * Medial condyle ## Footnote These condyles articulate with the femur.
110
What is the **cranial border** of the tibia referred to as?
Tibial crest ## Footnote This structure is prominent and serves as a muscle attachment site.
111
**How many short bones** are in the Tarsus?
7 ## Footnote The Tarsus consists of seven short bones.
112
Name the **proximal bones** of the Tarsus.
* Tibial tarsal (talus) * Fibular tarsal (calcaneus) ## Footnote The tibial tarsal sits medially, while the fibular tarsal sits laterally.
113
What is the **large caudal projection** of the calcaneus called?
Tuber calcanei ## Footnote This projection is also known as the 'point' of the hock and is associated with the Achilles tendon.
114
The calcaneus articulates with which two bones as part of the **hock**?
* Tibia * Fibula ## Footnote These articulations are crucial for the movement of the hock.
115
How many **metatarsal bones** are present in the Metatarsus?
4 ## Footnote Some breeds may have a small metatarsal I that forms the hind dew claw.
116
True or false: The **digits** in the hind limb have a thumb.
FALSE ## Footnote The hind limb has only four digits (II - V) and does not include a thumb.
117
Each digit in the hind limb has how many **phalanges**?
3 ## Footnote This structure is similar to that of the forelimb.
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