ageing population in Germany
- fertility decreasing since 1973
- median age is 46 years, 49 by 2045
- age-dependency ratio is 55.36%
- 2007: raised pension age from 65 to 67
- 2020-2023 FR 1.5 to 1.6 annual increase of 0.3%
- raising parental leave allowance to 2/3 of income for the first year
- immigration encouraged
youthful population in Niger
- in 2020 50% of pop 0-14 years, 58% below 18
- annual growth rate 3.8%
- median age is 15
- average woman has 7.2 children
- lack of education on planning, contraception, jobs: positive feedback loop
- 8% enrolled in pre schools, 37% literate
- 56% access to clean water: poor living cond
- 0.05 dr/1000
- 15% children acutely malnourished
- half of pop lives on less than 1.9 dollars/day
- 48% of children live under monetary poverty line
- Nigerian government: optimum marriage 18-24, optimum pregnancy 18-35 w 2 yr intervals
- 2 million people face severe food insecurity in Niger in 2023
- Lack of clean water results in 9,800 childhood deaths each year
food shortages in Sudan and South Sudan
-civil war 20 yrs - split in 2011
- 2M ppl displaced, 70 000 dead from hunger
- UN world food programme: delivery too dangerous
- every 1 in 3 ppl live in shortage
- South Sudan emergency ; 7.7 million: people are facing severe food insecurity ;
- 1.4 million: children under 5 are facing acute malnutrition
- physical factors: long term rainfall decline at S, more use of marginal land: degradation
- social factors: high pop growth of 3%, female illiteracy of 65%, poor infant health, threat of aids
- agricultural factors: static of falling crop yields, low and falling fertiliser use, lack of surplus to use in crisis
- economic/political factors: farming is 70% of labour force, 37% of GDP, 1998-2000 13% of consumption imported, high military spending/debts limit social spending, limited access to markets
- Niger external debt for 2021 was $4,984,349,702
managing natural increase in China
- excessive population growth reduces output/worker, depresses lvl of living and produces strife
- deviation from optimum numbers leads to poverty
- pop distribution/density should be changed
- optimum pop 700M, pop: 1.3B
- 1 child policy: 1979-2015
- prevented 3M births
- 1970-2014 BR 43.8 to 12
- FR 6.1 to 1.6
- some praised, some saw it as a violation of civil liberties
- based on reward and penalty approach
- ‘fewer births, quickly rich’
- rural areas remained traditional bias of desire for male heir: unbalanced sex ratio: 32M more men under 20 (selective abortion, discrimination, violence, bare branches)
- in urban areas western-style reluctance to have more than 1 kids remained to preserve raising standards of living
- ageing demography
- spoiled only generation
- 4-2-1 care for elderly is major issue
