case studies

Question 1

fair trade Coffee in Colombia

Answer 1

• Around the world, 25 million smallholders produce 70-80 percent of the world’s coffee
• More than 70,000 Colombian coffee growers benefit from the Fairtrade Minimum Price
• Fairtrade certified coffee cooperatives currently earn the Fairtrade Minimum Price of $1.40 per pound – about 40% more than the current market price – or $1.70 per pound organic
• On top of that, they earn $0.20 per pound in Fairtrade Premium, of which at least 25 percent is invested in productivity and quality initiatives
• Fairtrade coffee producers earned more than $94 million in Premium in 2017

Question 2

Blackpool: lifecycle of tourism

Answer 2

• Exploration (pre-1850): Fishing village visited by wealthy Victorians
• Involvement (1850): road and railway built to increase accessibility and new attractions and entertainment
• Development and Consolidation (1950s): 5x increase in tourism, , law passed to grant workers paid holiday leave, The Beatles and other music/drama performances
• Stagnation Caused by WW2
• Rejuvenation £300 million rejuvenation scheme launched in 2000 to renovate, Successfully increased visitor numbers from 11 million per year to 13 million per year

Question 3

Jamaica: sustainable management

Answer 3

• The industry expanded after the First World War with advances in transportation
• 3.5 million visitors for the year
• Tourism’s direct contribution 7.7% to national GDP in 2013
• Direct employment in the industry amounted to 82 000
• level of reliance on the industry is extremely high
• two international airports
• sun and sand, dolphin parks, nature reserves, museums and galleries, 50 species of coral, festivals and entertainment events
• facilities for tennis, golf and equestrian activities, Jamaica’s cuisine
• 1992, Jamaica’s first marine park, covering 15 km2
• policies to attract foreign investment in tourism: high wages and special industry taxes that went directly into social development, healthcare and education
• development of vital ‘hard infrastructure’, such as roads, telecommunications, water supply and airports
• Tourism is the largest source of foreign exchange for
  Jamaica
• investment in resort development has created an enormous pull factor in terms of investor confidence
• culture attractions: Bob Marley Museum: reduces seasonality
• positive environmental impact of tourism: Entry fees
  to the national parks pay for conservation
• conserve the coral reef environments off the coast of Jamaica: they are at risk from damage from overfishing, industrial pollution and mass tourism
• Negril’s beach has been rated as one of the top ten
  beaches in the world by many travel magazines.
• Educating people about the fragility of coral reefs
  and other endangered environments is a crucial aspect of sustainability
• community tourism so that more money filters down to the local people and small communities
• The behaviour of some tourists clashes with the island’s traditional morals; people have a negative image of Jamaica because of its levels of violent crime and harassment
• much valuable biodiversity has already been lost
• Visitors use about three times as much water as residents and produce up to 4 times more solid waste
• Cruise ships discharge excessive waste into the sea and damage corals by anchoring. In January 20216 a 300-foot yacht destroyed 80% of coral in the Cayman Islands

Question 4

The Lake District: sustainable management

Answer 4

• 620 acres owned by National Park, 12% covered by woodland
• England’s largest national park
• 1 in 5 of economically active are self-employed
• 15,000 people work in tourism
• 3 high mountains and 3 lakes (attractions)
• Canoeing, kayaking, steam cruises, cycling, walking paths, historical sides
• Growth over time: 5% year on year growth, 46 million visitors expected in 2035, 14.8 million visitors in 2012
• social media and ease of access, Rise in desire for a luxury holiday without having to go abroad
• 10mph boat speed limit imposed on Windemere - reducing swash and erosional effects of boats disturbing water and wildlife
• Organisations such as Friends of the Lake District promote conservation and sustainable tourism - to combat economy led tourism
• Tree preservation orders prevent certain areas of forestry from being cut down
• 89% of visitors come by car, causing air and noise pollution
• Oils and fuels from boats pollute waters
• Carrying capacity is exceeded in summer months
• Visitors provide 38,000 full-time job posts
• High average house prices
• Elderly dependents account for 30% of the population
• Loss of sense of community
• ghost town due to 2nd homeownership
• education, land use zoning, parking restrictions, encouraged public transport, mandatory occupation time for houses, build more low cost zones, pedestrian zones,

Question 5

ecotourism in Ecuador

Answer 5

• 2014: 5.3% of GDP, 4.8% of employment
• third largest source of foreign income
• Galapagos Islands: Darwin research of evolution
• 10% of world’s plant species
• ecotourism:income to poorest areas, provided locals with new alternative way of making a living, reduced human pressure on economically sensitive areas
• Amazon Rainforest around Tena
• ecotourism schemes run by small groups of indigenous Quichua Indians
• insist that all visitors abide by certain rules: no exchange of personal items, avoid displays of affection, do not touch and pull on branches, never go off for a walk alone, do not collect plants without permission, do not enter houses without invitation, no littering, never pee in stream or lake

Question 6

Galapagos islands

Answer 6

• illegal fishing, non-native species, demands of 160 000 tourists/year
• carrying capacity reached and exceeded