1
Q
Urban challenges in a named developed country
A
London, england
2
Q
Why has London’s food supply become increasingly insecure
A
- climate change / drought - 8/10 top 10 countries uk imports food from are drought prone so the supply is insecure
- fuel prices - many households cut back on food shopping, increasing no of ppl going hungry
- Brexit (eu trading bloc)- shortage of European workers in uk reducing agricultural workforce and increase food prices to import
- population increase- providing enough high quality, affordable food for the growing population is a big challenge
3
Q
Why are Londons buildings so energy inefficient
A
-lack of insulation
- historical old buildings
-single glazed windows
- high % of rental property- landlords less inclined to update / improve their housing stock
4
Q
What three sectors are londons government targeting to improve sustainable urban living
A
Waste, transport, housing
5
Q
How is London government aiming to reduce the amount of waste
A
- supporting programmes across london to increase access to free drinking water and decrease the use of single use plastic bottles
- reduction and recycling plans - introduced to minimize waste and boost recycling
Circular economy- reuse and regenerate materials / products
6
Q
How is the London government aiming to make transport more sustainable
A
- elizabeth line- hoped to reduce traffic congestion as it links the capitals major commercial and business districts
- cycle superhighway - dedicated cycle path designed to facilitate high volume, long distance cycling for transporters
7
Q
How is the london government aiming to make housing more sustainable
A
- green roofs - over 11 hectares of green roofs in London
- old systems of heating, cooling, and powering buildings replaced by cleaner, local renewable energy. Londoners will spend less on energy and use less overall thru better insulation efficient boilers and heating systems
8
Q
Urban challenges in a named developing country
A
Lagos, nigeria
9
Q
What are the three main urban challenges in lagos
A
Squatter settlements, informal economy, urban pollution and low quality of life
10
Q
Squatter settlements lagos
A
Many people live in overcrowded areas of small, poorly built structures made of wood, metal sheets and other temporary materials such as makako with an estimated population of 1/4 million
11
Q
Informal economy lagos
A
- 90% of jobs are in the informal sector ie street vending eg ollusun is a huge land fill site where many handpick rubbish to sell for a living
- jobs are untaxed dangerous and insecure with no health and safety regulations
12
Q
Urban pollution lagos
A
- sewage seeps into the ground from leaking pit latrines, polluting water sources
- the average Lagosian spends 3 hours a day in traffic, this congestion releases extortionate amounts of pollutants into the atmosphere
13
Q
Low quality of life lagos
A
- only 10% of lagosians have access to safe piped water
- due to this, cases of water borne diseases eg cholera is high
- food transport and utility costs increase due to inflation
14
Q
Sustainable living in a developing country
A
Curitiba, brazil
15
Q
How does curitiba promote sustainable living
A
- green exchange program - community of squatter settlements
- bus rapid transit system - local goveernment
- green space - local government
- accessible education - community
16
Q
What is the green exchange program - Curitiba
A
To battle waste management curitiba has put in place a green exchange program where low income citizens trade recyclable waste for fresh produce
17
Q
What is the bus rapid transit system - curitiba
A
Curitiba has a rapid bus transit system which uses designated bus lanes to reduce congestion, air pollution and improves their quality of life through the cleaner air
18
Q
How has curitiba used green spaces
A
- since 1970s curitiba has planted 1.5million trees
-to maintain the fields the city uses sheep rather than mechanical means, saving money while providing manure for farmers and wool
19
Q
How has curitiba used accessible education
A
- free university for the environment empowers the community teaching them about sustainability, encouraging a culture of pride around sustainability , as-well as providing knowledge which helps maintain a city’s greenness
20
Q
Short term and long term impacts of one volcano
A
White island, new zealand
21
Q
What are the short term social economic and environmental impacts of the white island eruption
A
Social - 23 dead 25 injured
Economic - immediate loss of tourism income- tours to white island stopped
Environmental - ash and volcanic gasses released into atmosphere, affecting local air quality
22
Q
Long term social impacts of white island erruption
A
Ongoing legal investigations and court cases regarding tour operator liability
23
Q
Long term economic impacts of the white island erruption
A
Long term decline in volcano tourism to white island as it remains closed to the public
24
Q
Long term environmental impacts of the white island erruption
A
The islands volcanic landscape was altered by the eruption, though minimal broader environmental damage as it is an uninhabited active volcano
25
Short term and long term impacts of one earthquake
Christchurch , new zealand
26
Short term environmental economic and environmental impacts of the Christchurch earthquake
Social- 185 people died, 4,000 injured
Economic - damage to infrastructure
Environmental- liquefaction, landslides
27
Long term social impacts of the white island earthquake
1/5 of population emigrated out from the city
28
Long term economic impacts of the Christchurch earthquake
$28 billion in damage
29
Long term environmental impacts of the Christchurch eruption
Altered river shapes in and around Christchurch
30
The short and long term impacts of one tropical cyclone
Haiyan, Philippines
31
Short term social economic and environmental impacts of the Haiyan cyclone
Social- 6190 people killed, 29,000 injured
Economic- loss of agriculture and infrastructure
Envirionmental- 400mm of rainfall flooded an area of up to 1km inland
32
Long term social impacts of Haiyan
Infection and diseases spread due to contaminated surface and ground water
33
Long term economic impacts of Haiyan
Looting was rife, due to the lack of food and supplies
34
Long term environmental impacts of Haiyan
Leak from oil barge led to 10 hectares of mangroves being contaminated
35
for a names development or emerging country explain two ways that increasing demand for energy has created problems
NEPAL
power shortages- nepals energy supply cannot keep up with demand leading to frequent power cuts affecting homes and businesses reducing quality of life
environmental damage- the majority of household energy is met by wood fuel from forest, increasing demand leads to over exploitation of forests contributing to deforestation
36
how channel shape, valley profile, gradient, velocity, discharge and sediment size and shape change along the course of a named river
river tees
37
the upper course if river tees
its source is cross fell in the pennines, in the upper course the river lows over hard impermeable rock , the river has a steep gradient, low discharge and high energy so vertical erosion is the dominant process
landforms
v shaped valleys, interlocking spurs, the uks largest water fall (high force waterfall)
38
the middle course of the river tees
the gradient becomes gentler and discharge increases meaning lateral erosion becomes more dominant then vertical erosion
landforms
meanders, oxbow lakes
39
lower course of the river tees
the mouth of river tees is in tees mouth on the north sea, lateral erosion is dominant
landforms
floodplains, levees
at teesmouth deposition creates mudflats as sandbanks within the estuary
40
river management in a developed country
kielder water, England
41
what is the purpose of the killer water scheme
to manage water supply for the local growing industrial economy aswell as regulate water flow nd prevent shortages. to also generates HEP through a 6 megawatt hydroelectric scheme
42
how does kielder water utilise dams
a dam blocks the river so that a reservoir of water builds up providing large supplies of drinking water all year round to reduce water insecurity, especially when precipitation is seasonal. water can be released through the dams to urn a turbine which is connected to a generator which converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy
43
advantages and disadvantages of kielder water scheme
advantages - reduces water stress in north east england, HEP power generation, supports tourism water sport and provides jobs and recreational space
disadvantages- large scale flooding of natural habitats, reduced sediment downstream causing flooding, high construction costs, local displacement of 58 families
44
case studies of river management in a developing/ emerging country
three gorges dam
45
advantages of the three gorges dam
largest multipurpose river management structure globally over 2km long and 100m high
flood management- protecting 10 million downstream residents in cities like Wuhan and Shanghai from the rivers seasonal floods
massive electricity generation capacity of 22,500MW primarily powering Shanghai making it the worlds largest power station
during dry spells and drought there is a water supply for agriculture industrial and domestic uses
46
disadvantages of the three gorges dam
- aquatic animals like fish cannot pass the three gorges to migrate like before, a number of rare water creatures are in danger of extinction such as chinese sturgeons
- 129 cities and towns are flooded and more than 1.2 million people in Hubei and Chongqing needed to migrate, displacing hundreds of thousands of people
- dam sits in earthquake prone zone where landslides occur frequently, this weakens erodes and contributes to destabilising the reservoir banks triggering thousands of rockfalls
47
hazard management for an earthquake in a developed country
Christchurch, NZ
48
how did christchurch use prediction to manage the hazard
- while accurate timing for an earthquake cannot be predicted, the area was monitored for aftershocks following he 2010 earthquake through monitoring seismic activity
49
how did christchurch use planning help manage the hazard
- government set up the CERA to oversee long term rebuilding and manage land use effectively
- residents were and are educated to perform earthquake drills and maintain emergency kits
50
how did christchurch use protections to help manage the hazard
- building regulations- strict regulations forced buildings to shift away from traditional reinforced concrete be retrofitted or designed with steel frames, flexible glass and reinforced foundations to withstand shaking
- land use zoning - the government created a ‘red zone’ for heavily damaged unstable land where rebuilding was prohibited
- infrastructure - the city installed sensors on buildings to monitor their strength in real time, this allows engineers to determine if a building is safe to enter immediately after a quake without manual inspections
51
hazard management for an earthquake in a developing/ emerging country
haiti
52
how did Haiti use prediction to manage the hazard
-before the earthquake haiti had no functional seismic network and only one outdated hazard map, since then new geospatial data and remote sensing have been deployed to create predictions
- there was no early warning system to alert the population in the seconds or minutes before the earthquake
- geologists identified the fault as a major threat in 2008 but could only estimate the 7.2 magnitude risk over a decade timeframe not a specific date or time
53
how did haiti use planning to manage the hazard
-haiti had no official emergency response plan for such a disaster
- because a major earthquake hasn’t hit port au prince since 1751 the public were not educated on emergency drills like drop cover and hold
- the only available seismic hazard map was outdated and asked the detail necessary for urban planning
54
how did haiti use protection to manage the hazard
- although a caribbean building code existed it was rarely used, not enforced, and ignored by the informal construction sector
- most buildings were made of brittle unreinforced concrete these structures collapse rather than sway trapping thousands
- rapid urban growth led to high density slums built on steep unstable hillsides or loose soil which worsened the effects of the shaking
55
development of the rural urban fringe
london, blue water
56
advantages of building blue water on the rural urban fringe
- economic regeneration- project converted a large poor quality brownfield site (former quarry) into a productive asset
- employment- providing jobs for over 7,000 people
- located near the M25 and A2 it provides easy access and provides over 13,000 free parking spaces
environmental improvement- developers created 50 acres of parkland including nature trails and lakes
57
disadvantages of building blue water on the rural urban fringe
-impact of high streets- attracts customers out of nearby town centres by drawing away major retailers and reducing footfall
- traffic and congestion- the high volume of visitors leads to significant carbon emissions and localised traffic congestion on surrounding roads
- noise and light pollution - residents disturbed by constant noise of traffic and bright lights
- urban sprawl- developing large scale retail on the fringe can encourage suburban sprawl leading to further pressure on the countryside for housing and infrastructure
58
urban challenges in a named developed country
London, UK
59
what are the urban challenges in London
food demands, energy, transport, waste disposal, resource consumption and segregation
60
food and energy demands london
food- london consumes over 7 million tonnes of food annually almost all is imported from outside the city creating a massive carbon footprint
energy - london accounts for around 10% of UKs total energy consumption due to heating homes, transport and businesses
61
transport and waste in London
transport- congestion costs london billions annually, despite a world class network the tube and buses face overcrowding and road traffic contributes to high air pollution levels
waste disposal - london produces 7 million tonnes of waste annually, most of which go to landfill sites which are now reaching critical capacity
62
segregation london
segregation-high wealth areas sit directly adjacent to some of the UKs most deprived areas resulting in large income gaps between boroughs, lower income residents more likely to live in busy polluted roads with reduced air quality reducing life expectancy
resource consumption -
63
positive and negative impacts of economic sector shifts in a named developed country
UK
64
positive and negative impacts of economic sector shifts in a named developing/ emerging country
china
65
positive impacts of sector shifts uk
shift from manufacturing to service led
- flexible work and higher employment - highest levels of self employment and home working in 40 years
- growth in high skilled employment - high income high skilled jobs in London and the south east
- environmental improvement - decline in heavy manufacturing industry results in improved environmental conditions and reduced carbon emissions improving air quality in formerly industrial areas
66
negative impacts of economic sector shifts in uk
regional inequality- former industrial areas suffering due to the closure of mines and factories, worsening north south divide
unemployment- the new economy requires different skills leaving workers with traditional manufacturing skills struggling to find suitable employment
- by loosing manufacturing the uk became more dependant on imports while the rapid shift toward service sectors leaves the economy reliant on other countries manufacturing
- companies shift warehouses to countries with lower minimum wage to save costs this is detrimental for the economy in england considering that many factories are now shutting down resulting in long term unemployment
67
positive impacts of economic sector shifts in china
shifting from manufacturing to high tech serveice oriented economy driven by innovation and green technology
- rising incomes- household income has witnessed a stable increase due to availability of higher income and skilled jobs
- self reliance- accelerating in critical technologies emerging as a global leader i ai and electrical vehicles
sustainable energy production - economic shifts are supporting sustainable growth with increased investments in solar and wind power
68
negative impacts of economic sector shifts in china
inequality- the transition has worsened regional inequality with the agricultural north lagging behind industrialised east
unemployment- demographic and structural shifts have created youth unemployment challenges while labour costs rise
69
informal employment causes and characteristics in a named megacity
dharavi, mumbai
70
causes of informal employment india
- rapid urbanisation- not enough jobs so people turn to the informal sector
- weak reinforcement of labour laws- less rules and regulations on minimum wage
- lack of education or skills- inability to obtain formal jobs as people lack the skills required, cycle of poverty
71
advantages of informal employment India
- strong sense of community, low crime rate
- 85% of people who live in slums have a source of employment, 15,000 different industries in dharavi with the pottery sector employing over 10,000 people
72
disadvantages of informal employment in india
- rife with diseases and toxic chemicals, no permanent rites, water is rationed piped come on at 5:30 for 2 hours
- no minimum employment age / wage, minimal health and safety laws, poor infrastructure
73
energy use demand production and managed in a sustainable way in a developed country
norway
74
energy use deman production and managed in a sustainable way in a developing/ emerging country
Nepal
75
where does norway generates most of its energy from
- norway generates 88% of its energy through hydroelectric power
76
how is energy being used more sustainably in Norway
-expanding to other sources like solar and wind by heavily investing in offshore wind farms and solar panels to reduce he strain on hydropower
- homeowners in Oslo get 30% subsidy for installing solar panels to encourage more people to integrate green energy into their daily lives
- trying to electrify much of their transport system as possible
77
where does nepal generates most of its energy from
nepal uses micro hydro schemes in rural areas to solve energy deficit in the region, it has low maintenance and running costs
nepal as a whole gets its electricity from hydropower which accounts for 95% of its generation capacity, whilst hydro powers the grid a significant total energy consumption particularly for cooking and heating still relies on biomass
78
how is energy being used more sustainably in Nepal
the government is promoting improves cooking stoves reducing health and environmental problems from burning wood indoors
reliance on kerosene and fuel wood has reduced, emissions have fallen and deforestation has decreased
support from the world bank means more investment into hydropower there are now over 3000 micro hydro plants in nepal
79
impact of uneven development on welfare and quality of life within one named country
Lagos, Nigeria
80
impact of uneven developement on welfare and health in nigeria
disease prevalence- poor sanitation in slum neighbourhoods such as makoko leads to waterborne diseases like cholera spreading
healthcare disparities- although healthcare is more accessible in lagos than rural nigeria it is not free, a ‘brain drain’ of medical staff to higher income countries further strains services for the poor
81
impact of uneven development on quality of life nigeria
- a deficit of housing has forced millions into overcrowded squatter settlements built on unfavourable land like swamps
- infrastructure gaps- where elite areas have modern amenities 70% of the city lacks regular on grid power and indoor plumbing
education barriers- estimates that 60% of lagos children do not attend school, high exam costs and need for children to work to support their families leads to high dropout rates in poorer districts
82
advantages and disadvantages of top down and bottom up development projects in developed country
UNITED KINGDOM
top down- HS2
bottom up - bedzed
83
advantages and disadvantages of HS2
advantages- reduced journey times travel between london and birmingham expected to drop by 30 mins, the project created 30,000 jobs at its peak, the trains are designed to run on 100% zero carbon electricity providing greener alternative to domestic flights and long distance car journeys
disadvantages- ballooning costs rose from about 56 billion to 90billion, the construction has impacted or destroyed acres of woodlands and habitats,the first services are not not expected until 2029-2033 significantly later than 2026
84
advantages and disadvantages of bedzed
advantages- massive energy savings- the buildings use thick insulation and triple glazed windows using 45% less electricity than the local average, bedzed uses pedestrianised streets, shared gardens and car sharing club to reduce emissions , water conservation through dual flush toilets and reusing grey water
disadvantages- overheating in the summer as the sunspaces cause internal temperatures to ruse significantly, high initial costs, failures with the biomass CHP lead to them shifting back to conventional gas boilers meaning the site is not currently zero carbon
85
advantages and disadvantages of top down and bottom up developments on a named emerging developing country
tanzania - bottom up
india- top down
86
advantages of tanzanias solar mini grid in rural areas
advantages- rapid electrification, rapidly bring power to remote villages that would otherwise wait decades for social grid connection, replacing kerosene lamps for solar mini grids reduces indoor air pollution and carbon emissions
disadvantages- mini grids often cannot support ‘heavy’ appliances like large refrigerators or electric stoves, l lack of social expertise, when systems break down there is often a lack of technical skill to perform repairs quickly leading to prolonged outages
87
advantages and disadvantages of vision mumbai
advantages- improved housing and sanitation by replacing slum dwellings with high rise apartment blocks that include piped water and proper sewage systems, plans to restore over 325 green spaces that were previously used as waster dumping grounds
disadvantages- community disruption moving residents into apartment blocks splits long standing communities and destroys the slum culture providing social unity, residents must pay rent and taxes in formal housing which many cannot afford only residents who can prove they have lived in the slums since 2000 are eligible for new housing
