1
Q
What are the main features of coral reefs?
A
Deposits of calcium carbonate and coral (living organism)
Coral reefs are sensitive to changes in temperature, water depth, and cleanliness of water.
2
Q
What temperature range is optimal for coral reefs?
A
23°C to 25°C
3
Q
What is the maximum water depth for coral reefs to grow?
A
Around 25 meters
4
Q
What are the key rainfall levels needed for mangroves?
A
Between 1,500 and 3,000mm per annum
5
Q
What temperature is optimal for mangroves?
A
Around 27°C
6
Q
What water depth range do mangroves prefer?
A
Between 0.5 to 2.5 meters
7
Q
What are the humidity levels suitable for mangroves?
A
Between 75% and 80%
8
Q
What forms sand dunes?
A
A mound of sand formed by the wind
9
Q
What are the key factors affecting the formation of sand dunes?
A
- Wind direction
- Width of beach
- Availability of sand
10
Q
What are salt marshes?
A
Coastal wetlands that are flooded and drained by saltwater brought in by the tides
11
Q
What is a key characteristic of salt marshes?
A
Low topography causing shallow water allowing sediment to build up
12
Q
What are the main goods provided by coral reefs?
A
- Fish
- Medicines
- Tourism
13
Q
How much does tourism related to coral reefs generate in the US annually?
A
$3.4 billion
14
Q
What is one important service provided by coral reefs?
A
Storm and flood protection by reducing wave energy by 97%
15
Q
What are some goods provided by mangroves?
A
- Timber
- Fish
- Carbon storage
16
Q
How much carbon do mangroves store compared to terrestrial forests?
A
Four times more
17
Q
What is a unique feature of salt marshes in terms of carbon storage?
A
Draw down carbon ten times faster than rainforests
18
Q
What are the abiotic characteristics of the Great Barrier Reef?
A
- 2300km along Queensland coastline
- Temperature from 22˚C to 28˚C
19
Q
What is the main animal that forms coral reefs?
A
Coral polyps
20
Q
What is one major threat to the Great Barrier Reef?
A
Agriculture causing nutrient run-off
21
Q
What percentage of Bangladesh’s birds live in the Sundarbans?
A
37%
22
Q
What is the primary tree species in the Sundarbans?
A
Sundri
23
Q
What has caused a decline in the tiger population in the Sundarbans?
A
Poaching and habitat loss
24
Q
What is a key threat to the coastal area of Sri Lanka?
A
Illegal logging of mangroves
25
What are the three main coastal management strategies?
* Hold the line
* Managed retreat/realignment
* Do nothing
26
What are the causes of coastal flooding in Sri Lanka?
* Storm surges
* Tsunamis
* Climate change
27
What is one method used for predicting flooding in Sri Lanka?
Forecasting by the Sri Lanka Meteorological Department
28
What is beach nourishment?
A soft engineering method used to protect the coast from erosion
29
What is the role of the Environment Agency in the UK regarding flooding?
Works to predict and manage flooding
30
Fill in the blank: Coral reefs grow best in temperatures between ______.
23°C to 25°C
31
True or False: Mangroves can absorb wave energy, reducing wave height significantly.
True
32
What is the purpose of using groynes in Colombo?
To stop longshore drift near higher land value
## Footnote
Colombo is the capital of the country and has the highest amount of erosion.
33
What hard engineering techniques are used in Port City, Colombo?
Sea walls and revetments
## Footnote
These are used to protect the coast and the port.
34
List the three shoreline management plans.
* Hold the line
* Managed retreat/realignment
* Do nothing
35
Where is Tonga located in relation to New Zealand?
2000 km northeast of New Zealand
36
What was the height of the ash plume from the Tonga volcano eruption in 2022?
58 km high
37
How many people died in Tonga due to the 2022 volcanic eruption?
Three people
38
What was the economic impact of the Tonga volcanic eruption in the short term?
* Aircraft could not fly
* 22 ports were closed in Peru
* Price inflation occurred as food and water security decreased
* Local businesses were closed
39
What environmental issues arose from the Tonga volcanic eruption?
* Surrounding islands were covered in volcanic dust
* Six thousand barrels of oil were spilled
* Acid rain was caused
40
What percentage of Tonga's population was affected by the volcanic eruption?
84%
41
What was the long-term economic impact on agriculture in Tonga following the volcanic eruption?
Crops were destroyed by ashfall
42
What category was Hurricane Harvey classified as?
Category 4
43
What made Houston vulnerable to flooding during Hurricane Harvey?
Flat, low-lying land and heavy rain
44
What was the estimated damage cost of Hurricane Harvey?
$125 billion
45
What percentage of Texas Gulf Coast residents reported respiratory problems after Hurricane Harvey?
16%
46
What was the immediate economic damage estimate from the New Zealand earthquake?
$15–30 billion
47
How many deaths occurred due to the earthquake in New Zealand?
185 deaths
48
What is the projected timeline for Christchurch's full recovery following the earthquake?
50–100 years
49
What is the role of the National Emergency Management Agency in New Zealand?
Provides leadership and training for natural disasters
50
What is the purpose of the 'ShakeOut' drill in New Zealand?
To prepare for earthquakes
51
What was the immediate economic impact of the Haiti earthquake in 2010?
Estimated at $7.8 billion
52
How many people were displaced by the Haiti earthquake?
1.5 million
53
What was a significant long-term environmental impact of the Haiti earthquake?
Deforestation worsened due to demand for timber
54
What was a major cause of job losses in the UK due to deindustrialization?
High numbers of job losses particularly in the north of the UK
55
What percentage of India's energy mix is accounted for by coal?
59%
56
What is the UK’s largest source of natural gas?
Pipelines and interconnectors from the UK Continental Shelf
57
What is the projected contribution of uranium to the UK's energy by 2050?
25%
58
What is the capacity of the Pavagada Solar Park in India?
World's largest photovoltaic power station
59
What percentage of UK electricity was supplied by wind power in 2020?
24.8%
60
What percentage of UK energy is accounted for by solar panels?
4%
## Footnote
This percentage reflects the contribution of solar energy to the total energy supply in the UK.
61
What is the largest photovoltaic power station in the world?
Pavagada Solar Park
## Footnote
This solar park is located in India and is a significant achievement in solar energy capacity.
62
What was the contribution of wind power to UK electricity in 2020?
24.8%
## Footnote
This statistic indicates the reliance on wind energy within the UK's energy mix.
63
How many wind turbines were operational in the UK by 2022?
Over 11 thousand
## Footnote
This number highlights the scale of wind energy development in the UK.
64
What percentage of India's energy mix is accounted for by wind power?
Nearly 10%
## Footnote
This shows the growing importance of wind energy in India's overall energy strategy.
65
What percentage of electricity generation from renewable sources in the UK was hydroelectricity in 2018?
4.2%
## Footnote
This percentage reflects the role of hydroelectric power in the UK's renewable energy landscape.
66
What is the energy storage capacity of Dinorwig Power Station?
About 9.1 gigawatt hours
## Footnote
This facility is an example of hydroelectric energy storage in the UK.
67
What significant weather event occurred in India in 2019, affecting energy production?
Heaviest monsoon rains in 25 years
## Footnote
This event led to increased hydroelectric power generation.
68
What is Gujarat's goal regarding geothermal energy?
To become the first state in India to use geothermal energy to produce electricity
## Footnote
This initiative demonstrates India's exploration of geothermal resources.
69
What percentage of total electricity supply did bioenergy generate in 2022?
11%
## Footnote
This statistic illustrates the significance of biomass in the energy supply.
70
What percentage of India's population depends on biomass for energy needs?
More than 70%
## Footnote
This highlights the critical role of biomass in India's energy landscape.
71
What is the estimated population of Lagos in 2022?
24 million
## Footnote
This figure indicates the rapid urban growth in Lagos.
72
By what year is Lagos's population predicted to hit 88 million?
2100
## Footnote
This projection emphasizes the challenges of urbanization.
73
What percentage of Nigeria's imports and exports pass through Lagos?
80% of imports and 70% of exports
## Footnote
This statistic underscores Lagos's significance as a trade hub.
74
In Lagos, what percentage of the workforce works in the informal economy?
65%
## Footnote
This indicates the reliance on informal jobs in the city's economy.
75
What is the average annual air pollution increase reported from 1999 to 2021 in Lagos?
24.3%
## Footnote
This reflects the worsening air quality in the city over time.
76
How many hours a week do residents of Lagos spend on average in traffic?
30 hours
## Footnote
This statistic highlights the severe congestion issues in the city.
77
What is the estimated annual economic loss due to traffic congestion in Lagos?
Over $5.2 billion
## Footnote
This figure illustrates the economic impact of urban traffic issues.
78
What is the main economic activity in the Makoko settlement of Lagos?
Fishing
## Footnote
This activity is crucial for the livelihoods of residents in the area.
79
What is the name of the gang prevalent in Lagos, and what activities are they involved in?
Area Boys; involved in street sales of drugs, thievery, protection rackets
## Footnote
This gang represents a significant social challenge in the city.
80
What is the main challenge regarding waste disposal in Lagos?
No comprehensive city-based system of collection
## Footnote
This issue leads to significant health hazards and environmental concerns.
81
What percentage of the population in Lagos has access to water from the Lagos Water Corporation?
10%
## Footnote
This statistic highlights the water supply challenges in the city.
82
What is the Eko Atlantic Project intended to achieve?
Provide accommodation for 250,000 people and create 150,000 jobs
## Footnote
This project aims to boost the economy and provide housing in Lagos.
83
What environmental concern is associated with the Eko Atlantic Project?
Potential water pollution and coastal erosion
## Footnote
These issues raise questions about the project's sustainability.
84
What is a significant urban challenge related to housing in Lagos?
Clear divide between rich and poor areas
## Footnote
This segregation complicates urban planning and social equity.
85
What is the purpose of the Lagos Employment Trust Fund bill passed in 2016?
Grant loans to unemployed people to help them become self-employed
## Footnote
This initiative aims to support informal economy growth.
86
What innovative solution is being implemented to improve sanitation in areas without sewers in Lagos?
New dry diversion toilets
## Footnote
These toilets aim to enhance water quality and public health.
87
What type of development is Greenfield Estate known for?
Middle-class neighborhood with business hubs
## Footnote
This estate represents an example of planned urban development.
88
What are the two types of land development mentioned in the context of urban planning in Lagos?
Greenfield and brownfield development
## Footnote
These types represent different approaches to urban expansion and renewal.
89
What is the role of the Lagos State Waste Management Authority in the context of recycling?
Produces power to support a section of Lagos
## Footnote
This initiative demonstrates the potential of waste management for energy production.
90
What is the population of the Liverpool City Region according to the 2021 census?
1,551,722
91
What is the economic value of the Liverpool City Region?
£40 billion per year
92
What are the main economic drivers of the Liverpool economy?
* Tourism
* Culture
* Life sciences
* Digital and creative sectors
* Advanced car manufacturing
93
How many deaths per year in Liverpool are attributed to air pollution?
1,040
94
What is the percentage increase in journey times due to congestion in Liverpool according to TomTom Traffic Index?
29%
95
What is the unemployment rate in Liverpool as reported in 2023?
4.4%
96
What are the major crime issues in Liverpool according to the city council?
* Anti-social behaviour
* Violence with injury
* Domestic burglary
97
What are the four major environmental challenges faced by Liverpool?
* Climate change
* Biodiversity loss
* Poor air quality
* Growing waste
98
What percentage of adults in Liverpool are food insecure?
32%
99
What is the projected energy use reduction target for Liverpool by 2040?
Halve its energy use
100
What was the council's expenditure on waste collection in 2022?
£9.5 million
101
What is the projected need for water supply increase in Liverpool by 2028?
20%
102
What is the average life expectancy difference in Liverpool over a six-mile area?
Nearly 12 years
103
What investment is being made in education from 2021-2024 in Liverpool?
An additional £12 million
104
What is the aim of the Liverpool City Region in terms of affordable housing by 2028?
Supply 20% more affordable housing
105
Fill in the blank: The Finches at Hilton Grange is a development of new-build houses on the _______.
rural-urban fringe
106
What is the estimated economic generation from the expansion of Atlantic Park?
£48.9 million
107
What is the projected impact of Bramley Moore Dock development?
* Add £1.3 billion to the economy
* Create more than 15,000 jobs
* Attract more than 1.4 million visitors
108
What is the main focus of the Liverpool City Council's Transport Plan in 2023?
Reduce car emissions by 50%
109
What is the aim of the 'Smokefree Sidelines Liverpool' campaign?
Reduce smoking in the population
110
What is the projected number of jobs created from the £1.4 billion investment in Liverpool?
94,000 jobs
111
What type of housing does the Love Lane development aim to provide?
One bedroom affordable housing
112
What is the environmental goal for the design of the new stadium in Liverpool?
Withstand floods caused by sea level rise
113
What is the Love Lane development's primary purpose?
To create 507 homes built alongside the railway line and new stadium to meet the demand for one-bedroom affordable housing.
114
What historic feature will be retained in the Love Lane development?
The Grade II listed hydraulic tower.
115
What health benefits will the Northern Dock provide?
Space for swimming and paddle boarding to improve the health of local residents and provide jobs in leisure centers.
116
How do planners aim to reduce air pollution in the area?
By ensuring public space is readily accessible.
117
What design feature has been included in the stadium to address climate change?
The stadium has been designed to withstand floods caused by sea level rise.
118
What sustainable transport measures are planned in the development project?
Upgrading facilities at nearby train stations and reserving locations for electric vehicle charging points.
119
What economic impact has the Households into Work scheme had since 2018?
It has helped 4,000 people find work.
120
What is the purpose of the £4.2 million Housing First scheme?
To reduce homelessness, with 80% of participants retaining their homes.
121
What is the Liverpool Race Equality Hub's investment aimed at?
To reduce inequality and discrimination in the city.
122
What is the Solar Together scheme designed to do?
To reduce households' reliance on fossil fuels.
123
What is the goal of the Mersey Tidal Commission?
To explore ways of harnessing the Mersey for clean, renewable energy.
124
What is Redrow's principal aim in the housing development?
To generate profit.
125
How many new houses is Redrow building, and how many are affordable?
318 new houses, with 131 being affordable.
126
What additional facilities does Redrow need to incorporate into its development?
Health and education facilities.
127
What environmental features will Redrow incorporate into the development?
Open spaces, historic hedgerows, improved Finch Woods, and landscape bunds to reduce noise pollution.
128
What is Ford's prime objective?
To make a profit.
129
How many jobs does Ford protect at its factory?
500 jobs.
130
What environmental goal is Ford targeting for its plant?
Carbon neutrality by 2035.
131
What logging practice helps manage rainforest sustainability?
Selective logging and replanting.
132
What approach combines trees and crops in agriculture?
Agroforestry.
133
What is the purpose of ecotourism in the Amazon?
To increase awareness of the Amazon and its need for protection.
134
What is the role of the Climate Change Committee (CCC) in the UK?
To assess whether the UK is on course to meet its carbon budgets.
135
What significant restriction has the UK government introduced to reduce emissions?
A ban on the sale of new petrol and diesel cars from 2035.
136
What adaptation strategy might individuals in the Solomon Islands use due to climate change?
Moving to another area, becoming environmental refugees.
137
What assistance do organizations like USAID provide to the Solomon Islands?
Financial support for coastal infrastructure adaptation.
138
What is the focus of the Roviana Climate Change Resilience Plan?
To map vulnerability of marine and coastal habitats and assess health of ecosystems.
139
What legal action did leaders of Pacific Islands announce in response to climate change?
The People's Declaration for Climate Justice against major polluters.
