1
Q
Rio de Janeiro 3 stats
A
- 2 million international tourists visit each year
- 8th largest economy in the world
- 3 major businesses - oil, mining and telecommunications
- rich area - Leblon, poor area - Rochina Favelas
Differences are,- 2 public schools for 100,000 residents in RF
8 schools for 50,000 residents in Leblon - No waste removal systems in RF
- Many tourist attractions and cultural sites in
Leblon including many theatres
- 2 public schools for 100,000 residents in RF
- 12% of households dont have access to clean water
2
Q
Chile eathquake stats
A
- chiles GDP is 38th in the world
- earthquake on 17th Feb 2010
- 8.8 on richter scale
- 500 people died, 12000 injured, around 800,000 affected
- 22,000 homes, 4,500 schools, 56 hospitals and 53 ports were destroyed
- cost around $30 billion
- secondary effects were landslides damaging 1500km of road, tsunami hit coastal areas of Chile.
3
Q
Immediate responses to chile earthquake
A
- temporary repairs to route 5 north-south which connected chiles capital Santiago to the rest of the country
- 5,000 temporary shelters were built then a further 25,000 were built after money was raised
- 90% of power and water was restored to homes within 10 days.
4
Q
Long-term response to chile earthquake
A
- national housing reconstruction plan introduced one month after eathquake. $2.5 million pledged for 196,000 households affected.
- thousands of houses were deemed unsafe so were demolished
- The President of chile announced that full recovery could take 4 years, especially to fully reconstruct buildings and ports.
5
Q
Nepal eathquake stats
A
- GDP is 109th in the world
- earthquake on 25th April 2015
- 7.9 on the Richter scale
- 9,000 killed, 20,000 injured, 8 million affected (1/3rd of nepals population)
- 3 million left homeless
- 7,000 schools and 50% of all shops destroyed.
- damage cost around $5 billion
- avalanches killed at least 19 people on Mount Everest
- landslides blocked the river Kali Gandaki which meant many had to be evacuated in case of flooding.
6
Q
Nepal immediate responses
A
- international aid from china, india and the UK brought medical support and essential supplies.
- over £87 million raised
- helicopters were used for search and rescue and supply distributions.
- half a million tents were provided after the earthquake which provided shelter for homeless and were used as temporary classrooms and healthcare facilities.
- 300,000 people fled from capital Kathmandu
7
Q
Nepal long-term responses
A
- in 2019, 3/4 of homes that were destroyed had been rebuilt or were under repair.
- government introduced stricter building codes with better earthquake resistance.
- landslides were cleared and roads were repaired.
- temporary lakes caused by landslides that blocked rivers had to be carefully drained.
- by august 2015, people were allowed back on Mount Everest.
8
Q
Malaysia rainforest stats
A
- 67% of Malaysia’s land is covered by rainforest
- between 2000 and 2013, Malaysia lost 14% of its total forest cover which is an area larger than Denmark
- Malaysian rainforest is estimated to absorb over 30% of the CO2 produced in the country.
9
Q
Subsistent and commercial farming
A
Subsistent farming - where farmers only produce enough food for themselves and their families to eat. Usually farmers use slash and burn techniques to clears areas to grow their crops. Increase in population lead to increase in subsistent farming.
Commercial farming - agriculture with the direct intention of making profit from the produce. Palm oil plantations have been made by mass deforestation to clear an area. This is due to the 10 year tax incentives for producing palm oil.
10
Q
Logging
A
- the process of cutting down trees for timer or to be processed into other products
- Malaysia was the worlds largest exporter of tropical hardwoods in the 1980’s
- this meant lots of clear felling took place, this is a form of logging where all the trees in an area are cut down. Profitable as it can be done quickly but has major negative effects on the environment.
11
Q
Road building
A
- roads are built in tropical rainforest areas to provide access to areas to transport goods and to allow heavy machinery into areas for construction, logging and mining.
12
Q
Mineral extraction
A
- tropical rainforests have vast reserves in metals, gemstones and fossil fuels which are extracted through mining and drilling. Malaysia has high reserves of bauxite and extraction of this mineral has been taking place for years.
13
Q
Energy development
A
- hydroelectric power is a rapidly growing form of energy production in Malaysia, as the large rivers and huge drainage basins generate a lot of water movement, which can be harnessed and converted into electricity.
- the construction of the Bakun Dam flooded over 700km2 of land and several more dams are planned. Dam construction destroys vast areas of tropical rainforest.
14
Q
Population growth
A
- malaysias rapidly growing population in the 20th century caused overpopulation in urban areas. the Malaysian government responded by sponsoring transmigration programs which encourage city dwellers to migrate to tropical rainforests.
From 1956-the 1980’s, over 15,000 square kilometres of rainforest was converted for settlers.
15
Q
Economic development in Malaysia
A
- mining, farming, hydroelectric power and logging provide jobs to locals which increases incomes. It also provides valuable goods and services to the country in the form of construction materials, energy and food, which generates profit and helps development
- products produced in the rainforest such as palm oil can be used in trade with other countries for profit
- Companies that work in tropical rainforests helps the tourism industry and connects rural areas to urban areas, increasing the opportunity for further development.
16
Q
Economic costs of deforestation
A
- environmental degradation such as soil erosion costs a lot to fix, meaning environmental impacts of these activities may be very costly in the future
- Pollution of water sources through mining and other industrial activity can be costly
- Climate change brought by deforestation will have more damaging effects on the forest. Yields of produce may decrease due to the hotter, drier climate, influencing trade and the economy
- the tourism industry may be negatively affected ad areas become less bio diverse
- as a way of encouraging sustainable development, countries may impose sanctions or refuse to pay out loans in countries that are not properly managing their rainforests, which has a negative impact on the economy
17
Q
Development opportunities in the thar desert
A
Mining - the thar desert has valuable reserves of minerals such as Feldspar, phosphorite, gypsum and kaolin. These minerals are used to produce a range of things from cement to fertilisers and are therefore valuable. Limestone and marble are also quarried in the area. Limestone is used for building and producing cement and marble is used in construction.
Energy generation - Energy is produced in the thar desert using solar panels. This energy is used to clean water supplies contaminated with salt. Wind energy is also used to generate electricity. Jaisalmer wind farm has 75 wind turbines and has the capacity to produce 60 megawatts of electricity.
Farming - irrigation in the Thar desert has made commercial farming viable. Producing crops such as wheat and cotton has created many jobs and generated income for the local communities
Tourism - the Thar desert national park attracts many people who want to see the 120 species it has to offer. Tourists explore the desert with local tour guides on camels. Tourism creates many jobs for local people.
18
Q
Challenges of development in the Thar desert
A
Extreme temperatures - temperatures in the Thar desert can exceed 50 degrees Celsius in summer months. It is hard for people to farm, work in mines or as tourist guides in these months because it is too hot.
Water supply - the supply of water in the Thar desert is precious and limited. With only 120-240mm of rain falling per year in the desert, water must be used sensibly and sustainably. Without water development of mining, farming and tourism would not be possible. Some areas experience over-irrigation which has caused water logging in the ground. The water evaporated and leaves a layer of salt on the surface making it very difficult to grow crops and make an income.
Inaccessibility - the desert covers an area of 200,000 square kilometres. Most of the desert is inaccessible due to the extreme environmental conditions and poor infrastructure. Beyond the city of Jaisalmer, development is limited. Inaccessibility to many parts of the desert has led to great differences between the rich and the poor.
19
Q
Defensas in Bridlington
A
Protection here now extends to 3.6km of high masonry and concrete sea walls with groynes to stabilise the beaches
20
Q
Defenses in Mappleton
A
- defenses have also been built here because coastal erosion was threatening the road that connected this village.
- The sea defenses cost £1.9 million in 1991 using 60,000 tonnes of granite and 2 large groynes and a sloping revetment. This is to protect 450 metres of cliff line
- the benefits of building this sea defenses is that people can now get mortgages on their houses and 20 people who worked in a local car garage who rely on the road can keep their jobs.
21
Q
Sea defences in Easington on the Holderness Coastline
A
- Easington has had sea defenses built because it is where the natural gas that supplies 29% of the UK comes from through pipelines from the continent.
- A 1km long revetment was built at the base of the cliff at the terminal site using 133,000 tonnes of rock.
22
Q
Sea defenses in Hornsea
A
- protection for the town and its resort functions is provided by 1.86km of concrete sea walls, groynes and rock armour. Recent upgrades have increased the height of the sea walls to cope with rising sea levels, added wave-return profiles to parts of the sea walls.
23
Q
Reasons why Bristol is a major UK city
A
- Bristol is a leading green city and is the kindest city in the UK
- International hot air baloon festival hosted here, which attracts 100,000 tourists each day
- Bristol is found on the M4 which is an important route between London and Wales
- Large scale industry, including the second largest silicon chip manufacturers in the world
- massive container port found here - 700,000 cars are imported here each year
- Wallace and grow it was created in Bristol
- Bristol is the home of Banksy
24
Q
Migration in Bristol positives
A
- Since the 1800s, Bristol has been a multicultural city, the city held an international port so migrants would often come to Bristol for their businesses.
- Nowadays, 16% of Bristols population are of a non-white ethnicity
- Migrants have been employed in jobs where there has been a gap in skills to fill the position. This means that Bristols economy can continue to grow and no services have suffered shortages.
Migrants bring their culture to Bristol which has resulted in entertainment and hospitality industries becoming world famous. The food industry is especially wide and varied with the community becoming accepting of new cultures .
Bristol hosts St Paul’s carnival to integrate and celebrate all the migrants that live in the city. the carnival attracts 40,000 visitors each year which profits Bristols economy.
25
Migration in Bristol negatives
- Bristols population is growing rapidly, especially the young population of u16s.
- this causes problems for the city such as shortage of housing, pressures on services such as education and healthcare.
26
Changes in Bristol rover football club
- constructing a new stadium on the outskirts of the city
👍
- local sports clubs can hire the grounds, inspiring the next athletes and sports people
- Businesses can hire the conference rooms, so the stadium can become a local fixture
👎
- Some people disagree with how much stadiums and football clubs cost to run
27
Changes to shopping centres in Bristol
Shopping centres such as Cabot Circus provide leisure opportunities for local residents
👍
- job opportunities to work in retail for local residents
- shopping centres use up derelict land and can reduce crime in areas, since gangs don’t hang about the unused land
👎
- Shopping centres attract shoppers away from the city centre, which will impact the high street
28
Changing in manufacturing in Bristol
More high-tech manufacturing industries have been located to Bristol because of its international links and government grants. This incluidles many aircraft companies.
👍 Tech industries offer good wages and regular salaries
👎 These companies contribute to global warming
29
Changes in green spaces in Bristol
Bristol is trying to improve its environment by increasing green open spacers. this is called urban greening. There are 8 nature reserves as well as 30% of the city covered in trees.
👍
- Green spaces are important for minimising urban sprawl and air pollution, which improves locals quality of life.
- Wildlife levels have increased in nature reserves.
30
Challenges with Bristols growth and the solutions - Dereliction
1. Dereliction
Old industrial mills and buildings have been left abandoned, since new industries need high-tech buildings and cannot afford to renovate these buildings. These derelict buildings become a target for crimes and vandalism. This pushes residents to live ion nicer and safer areas around the outskirts of the city
Solution: The government is offering grants for businesses to renovate protected industrial buildings. Some of the building are listed which means they cannot be destroyed. Some industrial areas can become leading nightlife areas especially for urban restaurants and modern art galleries.
31
Challenged with Bristols growth and the solution - waste and pollution.
With its growing population, Bristols now has growing waste problems. It produces half a million tonnes of waste per year. Bristol doesn’t want to use refuse sights and ;and fills as they will fill quickly and the waste will take millions of years to decay.
In addition there is an increase in vehicles on the roads so this increases the levels of air pollution., This can cause respiratory conditions such as asthma, lung diseases which increases the death rate of the city.
Solution: 50% of households waste iOS recycles, shipped to other cities across the UK for the correct recycling process. Pupils are taught in school about the importance of recycling, to encourage families to take part.
To combat air pollution
- pedestrianise some parts of the city
- reduce the speed of cars on nearby motorways near to homes
- Constructing over 40 charging ports for electric cars.
32
Challenges of growth in Bristol and its solution - housing shortages
With the growing population, there are more people trying to buy the few houses on sale. This increases house prices in Bristol and makes first time buyers less likely to afford moving out. The government doesn’t want to build on greenfield land as it will lead to urban sprawl and the city centre will decline.
Solution: The government will build on a mixture of greenfield and brownfield sites:
👍 There is a lot of greenfield land available so large houses with gardens can be built to attract wealthy families to the area
👍 Developing brownfield land means that the city centre won’t become derelict and run down. Brownfield sites can become apartments, but these can be high value
33
Fill wood vs Stokes bishop
Fill wood:
- one of the top 10% of most deprived areas in the UK
- 94% of residents feel street litter is a problem for this area
- many residents don’t feel they have good health with an above average number of children who are overweight and 56% of adults are overweight
- Crime is higher in Filwood than the Bristol average, especially for antisocial behaviour
Stoke Bishop:
- 20% of the population of Stoke Bishop are aged above 65 which is higher than the average of Bristol
- Stoke Bishop is in the lowest 10% of deprived areas in the UK
- only 4% of households have a smoker and only 37% of adults are overweight
- Crime rates are significantly below the Bristol average
- 75% of the population own their home, with houses having an average of 3 bedrooms.
34
Nigeria facts
- Nigeria has the highest GDP in Africa and has the 27th largest economy in the world.
- Nigeria has a large supply of oil, which they sell to the world. Countries that supply oil have large political influence over those who dont
- Nigeria has the 7th largest population in the world with 200 million Nigerians living there. This is 3x the size of the UK’s population
- Nigeria has the second largest film industry in the world (Nollywood)
- Nigeria has contributed military assistance to many UN peacekeeping tours, especially protecting a ceasefire Liberia
- Much of the Nigerian population has lost trust in the government who accepts money bribes
- over 70% of the population are farmers so Nigeria relies predominantly on Agriculture and farming.
35
Nigerias environment & Lifestlyes
Nigerias wealth has been increasing over the last century, however a recent dip in the economy has resulted in unemployment and slow improvements in the lives of Nigerians. Here are some measures of quality of life for Nigerians
Life expectancy: 54 years ( world average is 73 years)
Literacy rates: 65.1% - this is very low, especially in girls due to inequality in girls and boys aspirations. Only 1 in 3 children stay in school
Human development index: 158 out of 188 countries - Low life expectancy and large inequality in wealth has resulted in this low rank.
36
Industry in Nigeria
Even though its a developing country, Nigeria has a large agricultural industry. Agriculture has the largest number of workers, many of whom grow just enough food to feed themselves and their families.
Most developing countries have large manufacturing industries because manufactured goods make more profit than raw materials. In Nigeria, manufacturing is mainly in the form of processing oil that has been mined. Oil makes a large profit and can help Nigeria gain a lot of political Influence.
37
Transnational Co-operations
The most influential TNC’s in Nigeria are oil companies
- Foreign companies such as Exxon-Mobil that invest in Nigeria and buy rights to export oil from the country
- Nigeria has its own TNC - Transcorp - which provides hospitality services across the globe as well as energy.
Geography
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