1
Q
Who gets castrated?
A
- Males
- Calves, lambs, and kids
2
Q
Castration ideal age
A
- First month of life
3
Q
Anesthesia for castration
A
- Intra-testicular lidocaine
4
Q
3 COMMON methods of castration
A
a. Rubber ring
b. Bloodless castration (Burdizzo)
c. Surgery
5
Q
When are bands typically applied?
A
- First week of life
6
Q
Where should you apply elastrator bands?
A
- Over the testicles and spermatic cord
- Do not include the penis
- If you’re too cranial you can include the sigmoid flexure
7
Q
Anesthesia for elastrator band
A
- Lidocaine will get you a couple of hours of anesthesia
8
Q
How long does it take to castrate with a band?
A
- About two weeks
9
Q
What is an uncommon but still present concern with banding?
A
- Tetanus
10
Q
Burdizzo castration anesthesia
A
- Lidocaine testicular block
11
Q
Burdizzo castration technique crush sites
A
- Pulling the cord over to the side you damage the least amount of skin possible
- Crushing the spermatic cord
12
Q
Age for Burdizzo (from notes)
A
- up to 6 months potentially
13
Q
What are the two surgical castration methods?
A
- Incision on lateral edge of the scrotum (for larger scrotums; after approximately 2 months )
- Cut off 2/3 of the bottom of the scrotum beneath the testicles (up to approximately 2 months)
14
Q
Why do we tend to do the lateral incision on animals older than 2 months?
A
- Want to avoid cutting through the median raphe, which has a significant blood supply
- Most bleeding will come from this
- With a lateral incision, you won’t touch the median raphe
15
Q
Castration procedure
A
- Depending on age either cut 2/3 of scrotum horizontally or slit from side
- Displace testes out of scrotal sac and strip fascia until cord left
- Option to open tunics or not - get better clamp on cord if open, but then it’s an open castration (higher risk of peritonitis)
- Emasculate so there is plenty of cord removed - “nut to nut” meaning wing nut on emasculator pointing towards or facing the testicle. Can infuse with lidocaine prior to putting emasculators on.
- Make sure adequate drainage
16
Q
Nut to nut with the emasculator
A
- Cutting surface is towards the nut
- Crushing surface is between the cutting surface and the heart
- preventing bleeding from the heart side of things
17
Q
Small ruminant castration differences
A
- Proportionately have a lot of tissue removed
- Often a little older because the benefit is that their urethra develops more fully, making it less likely to develop bladder stones or urolithiasis
18
Q
What type of block for small ruminant castration?
A
- Intra-testicular local block
19
Q
Small ruminant castration technique
A
- Surgical preparation
- Again, if older, cut on the lateral side of the vaginal tunic
- Strip out the testicle to isolate the cord
- Emasculate them or transfix the spermatic cord
- Leave the emasculator on for an extra minute (~2 minutes total)
20
Q
Newberry knife
A
- Puts an incision in the median raphe
- Don’t cut the median raphe in an animal with large testicular mass
- Bottom part of the scrotum goes in
21
Q
Emasculator open or closed technique?
A
- Open
- Stripping down the cord
22
Q
Standing sedation - who for?
A
- Camelids
23
Q
Anesthesia for camelid standing castration
A
- 0.1 mg/kg butorphanol IM 5-10 minutse prior to the procedure
- He infuses lidocaine into the testicular parenchyma until it feels turgid and firm
- Try to leave a bleb under the skin
24
Q
Castration for camelid
A
- Two incisions made 1 cm off the median raphe to make it closed
- Strip out the testis
- Ligate it or emasculate it; he suggests transfixing
25
Recumbent camelid cocktail
- 10 mL ketamine
- 1 mL Butorphanol
- 1 mL 100 mg Xylazine
26
How much camelid cocktail does a llama get?
- 1mL/50lbs IM
27
How much camelid cocktail does an alpaca get?
- 1mL/50# plus 1 mL IM
28
Why do we castrate swine?
- Avoid boar taint and aggression
- Volatile compounds related to testosterone
- Pigs with testosterone are aggressive towards each other and towards the handlers
29
When do we do pig castrations?
- First 3 days of life
| - Want it to be more than the first few hours of life
30
Anesthesia for pig castrations
- More than the first few hours of life
| - They do respond to it
31
Swine castration procedure
- Two horizontal or two vertical incisions over the testes
- They try to do it closed
- Either hold them or cut them or emasculate them
- Typically done pretty rapidly
32
Immunocastration
- ~10 and 4 weeks prior to slaughter
- Anti-GNRH antibody vaccine
- Has to be given twice
- Not in the US yet
33
Ruminant urolithiasis
- More stones in intact camelids than small ruminants
- Individual animal related, including humans
- Propensity to develop stones in the bladder
- Balance of mucopolysaccharides and other factors
- Overall urine is supersaturated
- High calcium and high magnesium diets; access to water
- Any small ruminant presenting to the emergency service should be suspected of having a stone until proven otherwise
34
Sites of enlodgement for calves?
- Sigmoid flexure
35
Sites of enlodgement for lambs and goats?
- Urethral process, sigmoid flexure
36
How to treat stones in the urethral process?
- If it's JUST in the urethral process, you can just cut it off
37
Possible medical management for sigmoid flexure stones
- Acepromazine to relax
- Flunixin or meloxicam
- Emergency situation, so not always possible to do medical management
38
Urethrotomy procedure
1. May dislodge with sound or retrograde flushing
2. Calculi snare or alligator crush and break down
3. Cut down on sigmoid
4. Remove calculi
5. Leave open wound to drain and heal
39
Perineal urethrostomy
1. Epidural anesthesia
2. Go proximal to sigmoid flexure midway between anus and scrotum
3. Incision down on midline and pull the penis out
4. Free up penis
5. Can pull distal penis out from preputial attachments
6. Cut penis so 4-5" out of incision - avoid dorsal artery
7. Suture penis to skin without clipping it - leave 1" of penis exposed
8. One or two large horizontal mattress sutures ( trying to include the corpus cavernosum to negate the bleeding
9. Close up skin
10. Slit urethra and spatulate if desired
11. May leave catheter in for 1-2 days
12. Prefer to go too long than too short
40
Some drawbacks of perineal urethrostomy
- If it's a breeding male, that doesn't work
| - Also you cannot visualize the bladder to make sure that it's intact
41
Complications of urolithiasis
- urethral rupture either inside or outside of the body
| - Irreversible kidney damage
42
What to do if the urethra ruptures under the skin?
- Do a fasciotomy and let heal by second intention
43
Tube cystotomy advantages
- Gives you the best view of the urinary system
- Allows you to visualize the urinary bladder and see if it's still viable
- Diverting urine flow away from the urethra until it relaxes
44
Tube cystotomy disadvantages
- Expensive ($1500)
45
Approach for tube cystotomy
- Side of the prepuce
46
Blue bladder
- When the detrusor muscles get distracted by the bladder being distended, it can stay distended
- It will look blue and atonic
- Definitely not treatable
47
Tube cystotomy procedure
1. Pre op with flunixin meglumine and appropriate antibiotic
2. General anesthesia with dorsal recumbency for ventral abdominal approach
3. 8-10 cm paramedian incision
4. Aspirate free fluid if present
5. Stay sutures into bladder near the apex
6. Isolate bladder with sterile laparotomy spunges
7. 2-4 cm cystotomy near apex of the bladder, lavage with sterile saline
8. Carefully aspirate all material in bladder with attention to trigone
9. Normograde or retrograde flushing not routine
10. Close bladder with double inverting layers and any rents in the bladder with Ethicon or Monocryl 0 to 2-0 suture
11. Place a purse string near apex of ventrolateral aspect
12. Make a stab incision 4-10 cm lateral to the paramedian incision and thread an 18-20 Fr Foley or Mushroom tip catheter through into the abdomen
13. Stab incision in center of purse string suture in bladder and thread Foley or Mushroom tip catheter into bladder, tighten purse string suture and fill Foley balloon with saline
14. Bladder is pulled via the catheter close to the abdominal wall and the catheter is secured to the skin with a Chinese finger trap suture. Catheter may be coiled and sutured to skin. Goats will definitely chew catheters off - be careful post op.
15. Close abdomen
48
Post op care for Tube Cystotomy
- NSAID and antibiotics
- Acepromazine to promote urethral relaxation
- Starting around day 5-7 start occluding the catheter and allow bladder to fill. On average in those cases that respond top the surgery most have urethral urination by day 11 +/- 8 days.
- When animal is comfortable for 24-48 hours with catheter occluded, deflate and remove.
49
What causes penile papillomas?
- Bovine papilloma virus
50
Complications of penile papillomas
- Cannot breed
- Paraphimosis (stuck out)
- Occlusion of the urethra
- Dorsal nerve of the penis runs dorsal; for breeding animal not ideal if you have to remove it because they will lose the ability to ejaculate
51
Anesthesia for penile papilloma
- Sensitive place to be operating
- They do in a squeeze chute
- Block with penicillin and lidocaine in a ring block around the penis
- Have someone act like a human tourniquet
52
Things to avoid doing for penile papilloma removal surgery
- Do not enter the urethra
| - Avoid the dorsal surface of the penis, which will make ejaculating difficult
53
Electrosurgery for penile papilloma removal
- Hyfrecator
- Cauterize the tissue
- Often heal up quite nicely
54
Reasons for docking
1. Fly strike prevention/hygiene for high grain diet (This is the #1 reason)
2. Increased breeding efficiency
3. Monitoring for lambing
55
Fly strike prevention/hygiene
Lush pasture, internal parasites = diarrhea and feces caught on long tail
56
Increased breeding efficiency
- Long tails on ewes adversely affect reproductive behavior?
57
Monitoring for lambing
- Better view of perineum to observe signs
| - Easier to assist
58
Reasons against docking
- Fly strike not an issue for all flocks
- Humane treatment (painful; usually no anesthetic)
- complications
- No difference in growth rate and mortality between docked and undocked siblings
59
Potential complications for tail docking in sheep
- Sepsis
- Rectal prolapse
- Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma
60
How many coccygeal vertebrae do some places recommend that you leave for docking to be safe?
- 3 full coccygeal vertebrae
61
Docking methods
- Direct amputation
| - Ischemic necrosis
62
Direct amputation methods
- Electrocautery, hot chisel, Burdizzo clamp, Emasculator, Blade amputation
63
Ischemic necrosis method
- Elastrator band
64
Anesthesia for tail docking
- Up to you if you're going to block it
- Doesn't take that long to do it, but you may just be consulting
- Can be effective but have to fall within parameters
65
Where to dock lambs' tails?
- Distal end of caudal tail fold or longer
66
Advantages of direct amputation with hot iron
- He likes it
- Less hemorrhage
- Quick process to complete
- Takes a second or two
- Cauterizes and amputates
67
Disadvantages of hot iron direct amputation
- can burn vulva, anus, or perineal skin (if not careful)
- Tissues slower to heal
- Burning wool --> odor --> ewe may reject lamb
68
Direct amputation with crushing overview
- Simultaneously crushes tissues and cuts distal to crush site
- Crushing thought to cut nerve supply and have less pain
- "bloodless" method
- Crushing thought to cut nerve supply and have less pain
69
Direct amputation with crushing advantages
- Easy to use
| - Can be used if electricity not available
70
Direct amputation with crushing disadvantages
- Possible increased risk for osteomyelitis
71
Elastrator bands advantages
- Quicker and easier than surgical amputations
| - May be more reliable than bloodless methods (Burdizzo)
72
Elastrator bands disadvantages
- Vessels occluded by nerves intact - pain may persist for up to 2 hours
- Tetanus as sequela so vaccine status important
73
Detail device
- Standardized measuring device
- Place under tail, endplate against perineum
- Marks at 0.7" and 1.4"
- 0.7" is minimum standard for approval to show
74
Age for tail docking
- Young lambs usually 1st 2 weeks of life
- Not within 1st 24 hours - stress will affect colostrum consumption and absorption
- Recommended 2 days to 2 weeks
75
Length to dock
- Still controversial
76
Teat anatomy
- Make sure you know it
77
Teat amputation procedure
- Burdizzo to clamp at the base of the teat o cut it off
| - Apply the Burdizzo and take a blade to it
78
Anesthesia for teat amputation
- Ring block of lidocaine
79
Physiologic mastectomy
- Ligation of external pudendal artery
| - Negates blood supply to one side of the udder
80
Mastectomy what species mostly?
- Primarily small ruminants if you're doing a complete mastectomy
81
What is very important for teat surgery?
- Asepsis!
82
General procedure for teat invasion
- Milk several squirts from the teat
- Surgical scrub to teat and teat end
- Dry
- 70% alcohol to teat end
- Glycerized iodine or teat dip
83
Why would you section a teat sphincter?
- Hard milker (both congenital and acquired)
84
Methods for sectioning a teat sphincter
- Dilators
| - Surgical
85
What to do for leaky teats?
- Inject counter-irritants
86
Teat tumor and obstruction what is it usually?
- Fibrotic tissue inhibiting milking
87
Where are teat "tumors" and obstructions usually?
- Distal 1/3 of teat
88
How to fix teat "tumor"?
- similar for teat polyps
Large Animal Surgery
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