Categorization, Disposal And Processing Of Animal Wastes

Question 1

Animal wastes or by-products by definition are:

Answer 1

◦ Entire bodies or parts of animals or products of animal origin not intended for human consumption, including ova, embryos and semen;
◦ 1069/2009/EC
‣ 3categories

Question 2

Category I

Answer 2

• all body parts incl. hides, skins of:
  1, animals suspected of being infected by TSE, or presence of TSE has been confirmed
  2, killed in the context of TSE eradication measures
  3, animals other than production animals or wild animals
  4, experimental animals
  5, wild animals when suspected of being infected with transmissible diseases

Question 3

Disposal of category I materials

Answer 3

• direct incineration in incineration plant or in co-incineration plant
• processed in aprocessing plant:
  1, disposed as waste by incineration
  2, by co-incineration
  3, by burial in landfill

Question 4

SRM - specified risk material

Categorization

Answer 4

‣ CATEGORY 1: Country or region free of BSE
‣ CATEGORY 2: BSE provisionally free country or region where no indigenous case has been reported
‣ CATEGORY 3: BSE provisionally free country or region where at least one indigenous case has been
reported
‣ CATEGORY 4: Country or region with low incidence of BSE
‣ CATEGORY 5: Country or region with high incidence of BSE

Question 5

SRM - material

Answer 5

‣ CATEGORIES 1 AND 2: None
‣ CATEGORIES 3 AND 4:
• the skull incl. the brain and eyes, the tonsils and the spinal cord of bovine animals aged over 12 months, and the intestines from the duodenum to the rectum of bovine animals of all ages;
• the skull including the brain and eyes, the tonsils and the spinal cord of ovine and caprine animals aged over 12 months or which have a permanent incisor erupted through the gum, and the spleen of ovine and caprine animals of all ages.
‣ CATEGORIES 5:
• the entire head (excl. the tongue), incl. the brain, eyes, trigeminal ganglia and tonsils; the thymus; the spleen and the spinal cord of bovine animals aged over six months, and the intestines
from the duodenum to the rectum of animals of all ages;
• the vertebral column, incl. dorsal root ganglia, of bovine animals aged over 30months;
• the skull incl. the brain and eyes, the tonsils, the spinal cord of ovine and caprine animals aged over 12 months or which have a permanent incisor erupted through the gum, and the spleen of ovine and caprine animals of all ages

Question 6

SRM removal

Answer 6

‣ slaughter houses
‣ high-risk processing plants; cutting plants, high-risk processing plants or premises referred to in Articles 3
and 7 of Directive 90/667/EEC (1), under the supervision of a designated agent appointed by the competent authority.

• must be stained with a dye and marked with a marker immediately on removal, and completely destroyed
  1, by incineration without pre-processing
  2, or provided that the dye or marker remains detectable after pre-processing

Question 7

Other SRM materials

Answer 7

• products of animal origin containing residues of environmental contaminants (like e.g. dioxin, melamin etc.)
• all animal material collected when treating waste water from Category 1 processing plants
• catering waste from means of transport operating internationally
• mixtures of Category 1 material with either Category 2 material or Category 3 material or both, incl. any material
destined for processing in a Category 1 processing plant

Question 8

Category 2 materials

Answer 8

• animals and parts of animals that died or born died, aborted embryos and/or foetal membranes and not listed in category 1 by-products including animals killed to eradicate an epizootic disease;
• manure and digestive tract content
• materials collected from water from slaughter houses (Cat.2)
• products of animal origin containing residues of drugs and other contaminants
• mixtures of Category 2 material with Category 3 material and animal by-products other than Category 1 material
orCategory 3 material.

Question 9

Disposal of Category 2 Materials

Answer 9

• Processed in a processing plant
1, disposed as waste by incineration
2, by burial in landfill
3, by composting
4, by bio-gas production
5, Use as fertilizer after proper treatment (sterilisation)

Question 10

Category 3 materials

Answer 10

• parts of slaughtered animals, fit for human consumption, but not intended for that purpose for commersial reasons
• parts of slaughtered animals, rejected as unfit for human consumption but not affected by any signs of diseases
• hides and skins, hooves and horns, pig bristles and feathers from slaughtered animals, after undergoing antemortem inspection, and were fit for human consumption
• blood from slaughtered non-ruminant animals, after undergoing antemortem inspection and fit for human consumption
• animal by-products derived from products intended for human cons.
• former foodstuffs of animal origin or containing products of animal origin, other than catering waste, no longer fit for human cons. due to commercial reasons or problems of manufacturing or packaging defects which do not present any risk to humans or animals
• raw milk from animals, no clinical signs of diseases
• fish or other sea animals, ex. sea mammals, caught in the open sea for fishmeal production
• fresh by-products from fish from products for human cons.
• shells, hatchery by-products, cracked egg by-products from animals without clinical signs of diseases
• blood, hides, skins, hooves, feathers, wool, horns, hair, fur from living animals without clinical signs of diseases
• catering waste other than as referred to in category I wastes

Question 11

Category 3 materials can be processed into

Answer 11

• pet food, dog chews and technical materials other than fertilizers etc.
• Transported to the field (milk, colostrum etc)
• Use as fertilizer after proper treatment (sterilisation)
• Except:
blood, hides, skins, hooves, feathers, wool, horns, hair, fur, catering waste other than as referred to in Category I

Question 12

Processing of category 1 and 2 materials in processing (rendering) plan

Answer 12

◦ shall be collected from:
‣ animal production units, slaughter houses , municipal areas

◦ shall be identified
◦ shall be transported to rendering plants

Question 13

Rendering plants

Location

Answer 13

• Minimum protective distance from human settlements is 1km
• Only in industrial areas
• Layout
◦ 180 cm high closed fence, barbed wire is advised, Disinfection at the gates, 40 m wide forest belt, Separated clean and unclean sectors

Question 14

Rendering plant

Unclean sectors

Answer 14

◦ covered area for receiving animal by-products;
◦ it should be easy to clean and disinfect;
◦ floors should facilitate draining of liquids;
◦ adequate lavatories, changing rooms, and wash basins;
◦ sufficient capacity for generating hot water and steam for processing;
◦ equipped with machinery to crush byproducts to appropriate size
◦ by-products should be processed without delay;
◦ containers, receptacles, vehicles used for transporting unprocessed materials should be cleaned and
disinfected at designated area;
◦ persons working in the unclean sector must not enter the clean sector;
◦ waste water from unclean area must be treated to kill all pathogens;
◦ pest (birds, insects, rodents) control

Question 15

Rendering plants

Methods of processing

Answer 15

◦ according to flow of production:
‣ fractional production
‣ continuous production
◦ according to method of lipid extraction:
‣ wet process:
• coagulation by steam
• separation the wet and dry phase by sieve or centrifuge
‣ dry process:
• boiled materials are first dried then lipids are extracted by Pressing, Centrifuging, extracting with: petrol, hexan

Question 16

Rendering plants

Microbiological measures

Answer 16

◦ Animal by-products must be reduced in size to particles no greater than 50mm
◦ Temperature: 133oC
◦ Time: at least 20minutes
◦ Barometric pressure: 3 bars produced by saturated steam

Question 17

Rendering plants

Microbiological demands for and control of the end product

Answer 17

◦ Samples of materials taken directly after heat treatment:
‣ Clostridium perfringens is absent in 1 g of the product
◦ Sample of material taken during storing at the rendering plan:
‣ Salmonella: absence in 25g: n=5, c=0, m=0, M=0
‣ Enterobacteriaceae in 1g: n=5, c=2, m=10, M=300
• n=number of samples to be tested;
• m=threshold value for the number o fbacteria; the result is considered satisfactory if the number of
bacteria in all samples does not exceed m;
• M=maximum value for the number of bacteria; the result is considered unsatisfactory if the number of bacteria in one or more samples is M and more;
• c=the number of samples the bacterial content of which may be between m and M, the sample still
being considered acceptable if the bacterial count of other samples is m or less.

Question 18

Rendering plants

TSE

Answer 18

• However, the heat treatment prescribed for the rendering plants does not destroy the mutant prion thought to be responsible for TSE
• this has led to the ban of use of animal meals in feeds
• considerable losses