Hume’s causal principles (3)
Temporal priority
Spatial/Temporal contiguity
Covariation
Temporal priority/Spatial contiguity:
- Jack in the box
- Sticker lever box
- 3-5 years
- 12 months
Screening off
Bayes nets
Third factor causes covariation between two variables
Third factor removes cause of covariation
Causal graphical models
Blicket detector
- Blue cube, yellow cylinder; One-cause vs Two-cause condition; Backwards blocking
- Disjunctive vs Conjunctive training
- 3 and 4 years
Past knowledge blocks off causal effect - 4 years to adult
Designing interventions:
- Switch and two gears (S, A, B)
(remove gear from position B or A)
- 3-5 years
Scientific reasoning:
- Car computer game
- Small and large mouse
- 9-11 years
- 1st and 2nd graders
Confounded evidence:
- Box with two levers
- 4-6 years
Gravity bias:
- Ball drops through transparent tubes
- Display bias until 3.5 years
- Think the ball will drop into cup directly below
Causality across domains:
- Story w/ within-domain cause or across-domain cause
- 3-5 years
(Only 4-5 years increase belief in across-domain cause)
Magnets:
- Magnetic or reverse-magnetic
- Chicken and egg problem
- Magnets, metals, nonmetals
- 4 and 5 years
- How do you figure out what categories are before learning about the concepts?
- 4-6 years
Causal attribution:
- Person vs Situation condition
- Cultural diffs?
- 4-6 years
- Chinese adults, Japanese, and rural Ecuadorian children use more situational explanations
