state of affairs
Can be state of affairs which make victim responsible. EG. carrying handgun
Absolute Liability
Larsonnuer. Involuntariness
Factual Causation
White. But for
Legal
Hughes established factual isnt enough on its own to convict D. More than a slight or trifling link(kimsey)/ more than a minimal cause (Cato)
Act of 3rd Party
Pagett
Victims own act
If it is daft and unforseeable (Kennedy) (Wiliams and Davis)
Proportionate and reasonable (Roberts)
Natural Predictable Event
Earth quake etc
Medical Treatement
Smith Jordan. Independent to D acts and itself potent in causing death