1
Q
causes of increased permeability of vessels due to non inflammatory causes
A
- increased hydrostatic pressure of blood
- right sided heart fail
- liver hypertenion, fail, cirrhosis
- blockage of blood vessel
- renal fibrosis
- decreased plasma colloid oncotic pressure
- decreaseof plasma albumin
- impended lymphatic flow
- hormonal effect
- aldosterone, ADH
2
Q
causes of increased permeability of vessels due to inflammatory causes
A
- bacterial toxins
- viral effects
- parasitic toxin
- inflammatory mediators
3
Q
causes of development of transudate
A
- increased vessel permeability
- increased hydrostatic pressure of blood
- decrease of plasma colloid oncotic pressure
- impended lymph flow
- hormonal effects
4
Q
causes of development of exudate
A
- increased permeabillity of vessels due to inflammatory cause
- bacterial, viral, parasitic, inflammatory mediator
- increased migration of phagocytes
- increased proliferation of mesothelial cells
- increased production of inflammatory proteins
5
Q
major causes of septic exudates
A
- trauma of cavity wall
- proliferation and overgrowth of bacteria through walls of organs
- pneumonia, ileus, pancreatitis, pyometra
- internal perforation of organs
- esophageal, gastric, small intestines, gall bladder, urine bladder
- haematogenous or lymphatic spread of bacteria
- actinomyces, actinobacillus, nocardiosis
6
Q
major causes of non septic exudates
A
- Virus - FIP
- parasites: toxocara, dirofilaria immitis/repens
- fungi: systemic mycosis on pleural wall
- rupture of gall bladder: bile pigments seen in cells
- urine bladder rupture
- secondary inflammation process due to neoplasms or tissue necrosis
- apperance of lymph: blockage of lymph vessels
7
Q
causes of development of modified transudates
A
- long term stasis of fluid in cavities cause necrosis on neighbour tissue - secondary inflammation
- in beginning of developing highly exudative process
- if blood appear in cavity: trauma, rupture, coagulopathy, thrombocytopathy, bleeding neoplasms
- neoplastic processes: carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, lymphoma,
8
Q
causes of neutrophil pleocytosis
A
- bacterial meningitis
- parasitic meningitis
- granulomatosus meningioencephalitis
- steroid responsive meningitis-arteritis
9
Q
cause of high eosinophil granulocyte count
A
eosinophilic meningioencephalitis
10
Q
causes of the proliferation of mixed cell population
A
- viral encephalitis - distemper, lymphocyte count above 80%
- GME: macrophages and neutrophils
- fungal encephalitis: mononuclear, neutrophil, eosinophil
- haed or spinal cord trauma: neutrophil
- toxoplasmosis: lymphocytes
11
Q
causes of increased lactate concentration
A
- bacterial meningitis
- subarachnoid bleeding
- ischemic attacks
12
Q
local and general consequences of ileus
A
local
- intestinal spasm onto irritant
- intestinal content not able to go aborally
- putrefaction
- water influx
- intestine empty behind ileus
- walls stick together
- vessels copressed at site of ileus
- stagnant hypoxia
- behind block of venous flow
- ischemic hypoxia
- after block of arterial flow
- local anaerobic GL and lactic acidosis at site
- tissue necrosis
- bacteria out in abdomen
- fluid accumulation infront of block
- water into abdomen
general
- water filtrated through vessels into abdomen
- ascites, bacterial peritonitis
- vomiting due to antiperistalsis
- bacterial overgrowth
- gr- endotoxins into blood: endotoxaemia, shock
- gr + exotoxins: bacteraemia, sepsis, peritonitis
- dehydration
- hemmorhaghe in lumen - blood loss
- stress, adrenalin effect
- intestinal atonia due to adrenalin
- no stimulus for emptying gall bladder
- enlarged gall bladder
- no anti endotoxic effect
- chronic cases: pancreatitis, liver damage
- due to intestinal hypoxia and bacteria
- lactic acidosis
- hypovolemia, shock
- decreased renal function
- mixed acidosis
- hypokalaemia: muscle weakness, resp depresso
- hyperkapnia, hypoxaemia, resp acidosis
13
Q
haematological changes in acute pancreatitis
A
- polycythaemia due to dehydration
- degradation of red blood cells: memebrane damage due to enzymes
- anemia: in chronic or severe cases
- leukocyosis
- neutophilia or penia, left shift
- leukemoid reaction
14
Q
increased alphaamylase in what cases
A
- acute ancreatitis
- acute, subacute kidney failiure
- FIP, other immune mediated diseases
- lymphoma, myeloma
- DM - macroamylasemia
- ileus
- gastric or intestinal perforation
- parotitis
- chronic enteritis
15
Q
increased lipase activity in case of
A
- acute pancreatitis
- acute, subacute kidney failiure
- ileus
- gastric or intestinal perforation
- chronic enteritis
16
Q
amylase and creatinin changes of pancreatitis
A
- urine amylase increase
- urine creatinin increase
- plasma amylase increase
- plasma creatinin dont change (may increase)
17
Q
amylase and creatinin changes in kidney failiure
A
- urine amylase decrease
- urine creatinin decrease
- plasma amylase increase
- plasma creatinine increase
18
Q
causes of increased Br 1 level in serum
A
- excess production of Br 1 due to increased RBC destruction
- acute hemolysis
- absorption of hemoglobin after large hemmorhage, haematoma - resorption icterus
- transfusion of stored blood
- decreased uptake of Br1 from blood by liver cells
- impaired hepatic function
- acute hemolysis
- decreased rate of conjugation of Br1 by liver cell
- impaired hepatic function
19
Q
causes of increased Br 2 in serum
A
- a few days after severe acute iv hemolysis
- decreased excretion from liver cells
- impaired liver function
- obstruction of bile canniculi within liver
- inflammation causing swelling
- fibrosis
- impaired hepatic function
- rupture of biliary vessels, duct or gall bladder
20
Q
causes of increased BSP retention
A
- primary liver fail
- cirrhosis
- tumor
- lipidosis
- lipid mobilisation syndrome
- decreased hepatic perfusion
- right sided heart fail
- portosystemic shunt
- arteriole-venous fistula in liver
- block of portal vessels
- other
- decreased UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity in liver cells
21
Q
causes of increased bile acid level in blood
A
- liver injury, hepatic cell damage
- increased outflow to blood of bile acids from liver cells
- bile duct obstruction or bile endothelial cel damage
- decreased secretion of bile acids to bile
- increased outflow to plasma
- decreased liver function, low uptake
- biliary stasis
- portosystemic shunt
22
Q
causes of decreased bile acid level in blood
A
- decreased absorption from intestines
- intestinal wall damage
- surgical removal of ileum
- lymphangiectasia
- severe liver cirrhosis
- decreased synthesis
23
Q
causes for blood urea concentration increase
A
prerenal
- GI:
- increased protein intake
- increased bacterial production / dysbacteriosis
- rumen alkalosis / poor energy status
- internal bleeding
- protein catabolism
- starvation
- haemolysis
- hyperthyroidism
- fever
- (SIBO)
- perfusion
- strangulation of A. Renalis
- heart fail
- dehydration
- low BP
- shock
renal
- embolism inside kidney
- CKD - fibrosis
- hypoplasia
- polycystic kidney disease
- amyloidosis
- kidney tumor
- glomerular nephritis
- NSAIDs
postrenal
- obstruction of kidney pelvis, urether, urethra, bladder
- rupture
24
Q
causes of blood urea decrease
A
- impaired liver function: decreased urea synth, increased NH3 level
- Haemodilution / hyperhydration
- decreased protein intake: starve, anorexia
25
increased blood creatinine
_prerenal_
* muscle
* rhabdomyolysis
* rhabdomyosarcoma
* trauma
* myositis
* necrosis
* GI: increased protein intake
* perfusion:
* A. Renalis strangle
* heart fail
* dehydration, low BP, shock
_renal_
* embolism inside kidney
* CKD - fibrosis
* hypoplasia
* polycystic kidney disease
* amyloidosis
* kidney tumor
* glomerular nephritis
* NSAIDs
_postrenal_
* rupture of kidney, urether, bladder, urethra
* (obstruction do not cause!!)
26
causes of decreased urine pH
* metabolic and respiratory acidosis: increased h excretion
* vomiting: Na+ reabsorbed wih HCO3, less hco3 in urine
* hypokalaemia: increased h excretion (na/k)
* acidic drugs
* distalis renalis tubularis acidosis: low hco3 excretion
* abomasal displacement
* toxicosis with acidifying agents
27
what changes if there is liver damage
* decreased osmotic pressure
* increased ESR
* increased PT
* hormonal imbalance
* increased enzymes in blood
* coagulation disorders
* decreased TIBC - decreased transferrin synthesis
28
causes of increased ammonia in the blood
* impaired liver function
* decreased urea production
* cirrosis
* neoplasm
* portosystemic shunt
* lipidosis
* ruminal alkalosis - ammonia toxicosis
* protein overload
* intake of rotten feed
* hypomotility
* intestinal overgrowth of ammonia producing bacteria
* congenital enzymopathy
29
causes of increased AST
30
causes of ALT increase
* liver
* cirrosis
* chronic active hepatitis
* cholangiohepatitis
* virus hepatitis
* lipidosis
* bile duct obstruction
* tumor, neoplasm
* GCC, NSAIDs
* other
* pancreatitis
* septicaemia
* neoplasm
* cu storage disease
* haemolysis
31
GLDH increase
* liver: svere damage that break mitochondria
* cirrosis
* cholangiohepatitis
* chronic ative hepatitis
* liver tumor
* lipidosis
* bile duct obstruction
32
ALKP increase
* bone originated
* young dogs, newborn, preggo
* bone tumors: osteosarcoma
* osteomyelitis
* bone fractures, healing of fractures
* paraneoplastic: lymphoid, lung, hepatic tumours
* liver originated
* cholestasis, intra/extra hepatic bile obstruction
* bile acids
* acute hepatic necrosis
* liver cirrhosis
* cholangitis
* hepatic lipidosis
* drugs: barbiturates, salicylates
* increased SIAP: hyperadrenocorticism, chronic stress
33
GGT increase
liver originated
* cholestasis, intra/extra hepatic bile obstruction
* bile acids
* acute hepatic necrosis
* liver cirrhosis
* cholangitis
* hepatic lipidosis
* drugs: barbiturates, ethanol
34
causes of increased urine pH
* feeding carnivores: transient increase
* slight metabolic alkalosis, compensated by kidneys
* UTI caused by urease producing bacteria
* break down urea to ammonia
* metabolic and respiratory alkalosis: decreased H+ excretion
* proximal renal tubular acidosis: HCO3 excretion
* alkalizing substances, overload of bicarbonate or lactate infusion
* long storage time, urea decompose to ammonia
* cats stress
35
Lab D midterm 2
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