What are the characteristics of a skin abscess?
there is pus and redness around it.
What are the causes of immune suppression in a diabetic patient?
A-Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes patients can lead to acidosis, which limits the activity of the immune system.
B-Hyperglycemia (due to insulin resistance) impairs overall immunity through different mechanisms which include:
- Chemotaxis (leukocyte recruitment)
- Cytokine production (an inflammatory mediator)
- Pathogen recognition.
- Adherence and rolling
- phagocytosis and pathogen destruction
- Inhibition of antibody production
- Decrease immune cells synthesisC-Considered a good media for bacterial growth.
D-Atherosclerosis of blood vessels results in decrease blood flow to the tissues which may result in neuropathy (peripheral nerve damage), Because of impaired nerves in the skin, the host may not notice trauma to the skin until an infection is present
What is the cause of lymphadenopathy in skin abscesses?
Lymphadenopathy happens due to the spread of microbes and Reactive draining LN hyperplasia as an immune response against infection.
What are other organisms that can cause skin abscesses?
A- Bacteria
1- G+ve cocci : staphylococcus aureus, streptococci
2- G-ve cocci: gonococci, meningococci
3- G-ve organisms: klebsiella, entrobacter, proteus,pseudomonas
4- Others: mycobacterium TB, actinomycosis
B- Fungi
Which parts will the suitable antibiotic target?
The antibiotics will target the cell wall
What are the symptoms of Down syndrome?
hypotonia, mental delay, and dysmorphic features (mongoloid facies, upward slanting of the lateral palpebral fissure, low set ears, silky hair, protruded tongue, microcephaly, and short webbed neck)
What is the diagnostic investigation for Down syndrome?
By taking a sample of the genetic material and checking for extra material of chromosome 21.
What are the types of Down syndrome?
A-Trisomy 21 (related to the age of the mother where3 copies of chromosome 21 are present “also called non-disjunction”).
B- Translocation Down syndrome (a problem in chromosomes no. (13 – 15 - 21).
C- Mosaic Down syndrome (mild).
What is the risk of recurrence of Down syndrome?
The risk of recurrence is 0.05% and this percentage goes higher if the first child has Down syndrome.
What are other investigations needed for Down syndrome?
Investigations may also depend on the baby’s appearance
What is the treatment of Down syndrome?
Treatment depends on the age of the baby and his individual needs. However, half of the babies with Down syndrome have congenital heart defects, thus they need to be treated by a pediatric cardiologist. Some cases don’t even need treatment, others need medications and surgery
What is the prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome?
A-screening tests like blood tests That measure protein and hormone levels in pregnant women or by ultrasound.
B- diagnostic tests like CVS (small biopsy from the placenta) or amniocentesis (A sample is taken from the amniotic sac that surrounds the baby)
What are the symptoms of diabetec polyneuropathy?
complaining of burning sensation in both feet, hyperesthesia on both feet and diminished deep sensation.
What are the causes of diabetic polyneuropathy?
Diabetic neuropathy is caused by high blood sugar levels sustained over a long period of time. Other factors can lead to nerve damage, such as:
- damage to the blood vessels caused by high cholesterol levels
- mechanical injury, such as injuries caused by carpal tunnel syndrome
- lifestyle factors, such as smoking or alcohol use
- HIV, INH, thyroid disorders, and vitamin B deficiency
What are the steps of the evaluation of diabetic Polyneuropathy?
Along with the physical exam, your doctor may perform or order specific tests to help diagnose diabetic neuropathy, such as: 1 Filament test. ... 2 Sensory testing. ... 3 Nerve conduction testing. ... 4 Muscle response testing. ... 5 Autonomic testing. 6 EMG 7 Vitamin B deficiency test
What is the physiological background of diabetic polyneuropathy?
- uncontrolled high blood sugar damages nerves and interferes with their ability to send signals, leading to diabetic neuropathy. High blood sugar also weakens the walls of the small blood vessels (capillaries) that supply the nerves with oxygen and nutrients.
What are the drugs used for diabetic polyneuropathy?
- Pregabalin (Lyrica). This is an anti-seizure drug that also reduces diabetic nerve pain. …
- Duloxetine (Cymbalta). …
- Tramadol (Ultram). …
- Tapentadol (Nucynta). …
- Capsaicin skin cream. …
- Lidocaine (Lidoderm) skin patch. …
What is the pregnancy test?
A pregnancy test can confirm if a woman is pregnant. The test can be carried out at home or in the doctor’s office. Pregnancy tests involve using urine or blood.
How are urine tests for pregnancy done?
-A urine test can be self-administered at home
Urine Tests :
- Urine specimens must be collected without preservatives in a clean dry container. First-morning urine usually contains the highest concentration of HCG, however, urine collected at any time during the day may be used.
- Pregnancy Test by Strips or Cassette. It is a rapid chromatographic immunoassay for the qualitative detection of human chorionic gonadotropin in urine or serum to aid in the early detection of pregnancy.
What is the idea of pregnancy urine tests?
It works by measuring levels of a hormone called human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG). HCG can be present in the blood and urine approximately one week after implantation.
What are the types and uses of blood tests done for the detection of pregnancy?
- Quantitative blood test measures the exact amount of Beta HCG in the blood
- Qualitative CG blood test gives a simple positive or negative result to whether pregnant or not (By stripes & cassettes).
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
An ectopic pregnancy is when a fertilized egg implants itself outside of the uterus, usually in one of the Fallopian tubes. If an egg gets stuck in them, it won’t develop into a baby and may put the mother at a high level of risk.
What is salpingectomy?
salpingectomy is the surgical removal of one or both Fallopian tubes.
When does implantation take place?
Implantation takes place at the end of the first week, in the upper part of the posterior wall of the uterus near the fundus.
