CBIS

Question 1

What is the Social Security Act of 1935 primarily known for?

Answer 1

Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) vs SSI

SSDI is a cash benefit program for low-income individuals with work history.

Question 2

List the parts of Medicare.

Answer 2

• Part A: Hospitalization
• Part B: Physician services, outpatient hospital care, labs
• Part C: Optional cost-savings managed care
• Part D: Voluntary prescription

Medicare provides health coverage for eligible individuals.

Question 3

What does the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 prohibit?

Answer 3

Discrimination in schools, hospitals, and non-profits receiving federal funds based on disability

It also covers hiring, placement, and promotion in federal agencies.

Question 4

What is Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act (1973) known for?

Answer 4

Free, Appropriate Public Education regardless of disability

Not eligible for special education.

Question 5

What does the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) (1990) prohibit?

Answer 5

Discrimination for disability in employment and public accommodations

Covers commercial facilities, transportation, and telecommunications.

Question 6

What are the titles of the ADA?

Answer 6

• Title I: Prohibits discrimination, reasonable accommodation
• Title II: Covers state and local government services
• Title III: Covers businesses and non-profit entities
• Title IV: Telephone/Television access for hearing and speech disabilities
• Title V: Miscellaneous provisions

Each title addresses different aspects of disability rights.

Question 7

What is an Individualized Education Program (IEP)?

Answer 7

Describes present academic performance and how disabilities affect performance

Specifies special education, services, and accommodations to be provided.

Question 8

What does the No Child Left Behind Act (2001) provide?

Answer 8

Financial incentives to improve special education and services to all students

Aimed at enhancing educational outcomes.

Question 9

What is the TBI Act of 1996 known for?

Answer 9

Addresses traumatic brain injury in the civilian population

NIH authorized to make grants for research and CDC studies.

Question 10

What does the Glasgow Coma Scale measure?

Answer 10

Severity of head injury based on GCS score

Severe: 8 or less, Moderate: 9 to 12, Mild: 13 to 15.

Question 11

What is the Olmstead Act of 1999 requirement?

Answer 11

States must provide services for persons with disabilities in the most integrated setting

Ensures qualified individuals receive appropriate services.

Question 12

What does the IDEA mandate?

Answer 12

Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) for individuals with disabilities

Includes special education, IEP, and ITP.

Question 13

What is the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) for?

Answer 13

For those who can’t qualify for Medicaid

Provides health coverage for children in low-income families.

Question 14

What are the four levels of injury in TBI?

Answer 14

• Primary: Direct impact
• Secondary: Energized debris or explosive fragments
• Tertiary: Body impacts wall/ground
• Quaternary: Inhalation of toxic gases

Each level describes different mechanisms of injury.

Question 15

What is Second Impact Syndrome?

Answer 15

Sustaining a second head injury before symptoms of the first are resolved

Can lead to severe consequences.

Question 16

What is the primary cause of sexual dysfunction with TBI?

Answer 16

Hypothalamus/Pituitary damage/Neuroendocrine changes

Affects hormonal balance and sexual function.

Question 17

What is Benign Neglect?

Answer 17

Staff discomfort with topic or person, withholding of treatments

Can lead to inadequate care.

Question 18

What is the male to female ratio of TBI incidence?

Answer 18

2:1

Men are more likely to sustain TBIs than women.

Question 19

What is the key indicator of SBS/AHT?

Answer 19

Retinal hemorrhage

Occurs 85% of the time in cases of Shaken Baby Syndrome/Abusive Head Trauma.

Question 20

What are the five levels of the Biopsychosocial Model that impact behaviors?

Answer 20

• Biological
• Cognitive affective
• Social-interpersonal
• Social institutional
• Cultural

Each level influences individual behavior and experiences.

Question 21

What is the Moral Model of disability?

Answer 21

Disability as a result of sin, evil, or character flaw

Reflects a religious perspective on disability.

Question 22

What does the Biomedical Model focus on?

Answer 22

Objective, standardized measures and expert-defined characteristics of disability

Treatment methods focus on changing the individual.

Question 23

What does the Environmental Model of disability emphasize?

Answer 23

The environment can cause, define, or exaggerate disability

Highlights the role of social and physical environments.

Question 24

What is the Functional Model of disability?

Answer 24

Most individualized model; focuses on functional limitations

Treatment methods adapt the function of the individual for meaningful participation.

Question 25

What is the **Sociopolitical Model** of disability?

Answer 25

Disability as a collective concern; society's responsibility to accommodate ## Footnote Aims for inclusion and equal social status.

Question 26

What is a **Living Will/Advance Directive**?

Answer 26

Written instructions for providing or withholding life-sustaining procedures ## Footnote Applicable when an individual is terminal or permanently unconscious.

Question 27

What is the **percent of the general population with substance abuse issues**?

Answer 27

10% ## Footnote Indicates a significant public health concern.

Question 28

What is the **primary cause of death from TBI**?

Answer 28

Motor vehicle crashes ## Footnote Represents a major risk factor for traumatic brain injuries.

Question 29

What are the **two types of injuries** in TBI?

Answer 29

* Primary Injury: Mechanical damage * Secondary Injury: Pathophysiological processes ## Footnote Secondary injuries can lead to further complications.

Question 30

What is the **percent of people with TBI** who report personality disorders?

Answer 30

23% ## Footnote Indicates a significant psychological impact of TBI.

Question 31

What is the **memory process**?

Answer 31

* Encoding * Storage * Retrieval ## Footnote Essential stages for memory function.

Question 32

What are the **types of memory**?

Answer 32

* Sensory memory * Short-term memory * Working memory * Long-term memory ## Footnote Each type serves a different function in information processing.

Question 33

What is the **Glasgow Coma Scale** score for a severe head injury?

Answer 33

8 or less ## Footnote Indicates a critical level of consciousness.

Question 34

What are the **stages of pressure sores**?

Answer 34

* Stage 1: Red skin * Stage 2: Partial thickness tissue loss * Stage 3: Full thickness tissue loss * Stage 4: Full thickness tissue loss with visual bone * Stage 5: Too much eschar, can’t be graded ## Footnote Important for monitoring and preventing complications.

Question 35

What is **spasticity**?

Answer 35

Motor disorder characterized by a velocity-dependent increase in tone ## Footnote Involves increased tone and exaggerated reflexes.

Question 36

What is **hydrocephalus**?

Answer 36

Abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles of the brain ## Footnote Occurs in 2/3 of moderate to severe TBI cases.

Question 37

What is the **percent of individuals with SCI** who also have TBI?

Answer 37

60% ## Footnote Indicates a high comorbidity rate.

Question 38

What is the **percent of TBIs that have heterotopic ossification**?

Answer 38

10-20% ## Footnote Formation of bone around joints due to TBI.

Question 39

What is the **primary complaint as a person ages**?

Answer 39

Can’t remember new names of people ## Footnote Reflects common cognitive decline with aging.

Question 40

What is **dementia**?

Answer 40

Functional limitation due to cognitive change ## Footnote Affects daily living and independence.

Question 41

What is the **percent of TBI patients** who experience fatigue?

Answer 41

32-73% ## Footnote Fatigue can persist over time.

Question 42

What is the **Coping Hypothesis** related to fatigue?

Answer 42

Fatigue results from compensatory effort necessary to meet everyday demands ## Footnote Particularly in the presence of cognitive deficits.

Question 43

What is the **attention type** that allows responding to multiple tasks simultaneously?

Answer 43

Divided attention ## Footnote Rarely achieved unless paired with a physical task.

Question 44

What is the **attention type** that involves quickly shifting between tasks?

Answer 44

Alternating attention ## Footnote Requires different behavioral or cognitive skills.

Question 45

What is the **attention type** that blocks out distractions?

Answer 45

Selective attention ## Footnote Important for maintaining focus in noisy environments.

Question 46

What is the **attention type** that maintains focus over time?

Answer 46

Sustained attention ## Footnote Essential for completing tasks accurately.

Question 47

What is the **percent of TBI patients** who report sleep disturbance?

Answer 47

30-80% ## Footnote Sleep issues are common among those with TBI.

Question 48

What is the **Coping Hypothesis** related to fatigue?

Answer 48

Fatigue results from compensatory effort necessary to meet demands of everyday life in the presence of cognitive deficits ## Footnote Cognitive deficits may include issues with attention and processing speed.

Question 49

What are the **two types of fatigue** mentioned?

Answer 49

* Primary Fatigue * Secondary Fatigue ## Footnote Primary fatigue is linked to the Ascending Reticular Activating System and limbic system, while secondary fatigue can arise from depression, pain, sleep disturbance, stress, and emotional distress.

Question 50

What percentage of individuals report **sleep disturbance** after TBI?

Answer 50

30-80% ## Footnote Sleep disturbances are a common issue following traumatic brain injury.

Question 51

What are the **standard/universal precautions** for infection control?

Answer 51

* Handwashing * PPE (gloves, gowns, masks, eye protection) * Respiratory hygiene * Safe injection practices * Waste management * Isolation measures ## Footnote These precautions are essential for controlling blood borne pathogens.

Question 52

What does the **COLDER** acronym stand for in headache assessment?

Answer 52

* Character * Onset * Location * Duration and Frequency * Exacerbation * Relief ## Footnote This framework helps in assessing headache characteristics.

Question 53

What is the prevalence of **Post-Traumatic Headache (PTH)** in mild TBI?

Answer 53

95% ## Footnote PTH is significantly common in individuals with mild traumatic brain injury.

Question 54

What are the two categories of **headaches**?

Answer 54

* Primary Headache * Secondary Headache ## Footnote Primary headaches have no specific cause, while secondary headaches have identifiable causes.

Question 55

What are the types of **seizures** related to TBI?

Answer 55

* Immediate Post-Traumatic Convulsions * Early Post-Traumatic Seizure * Late Post-Traumatic Seizure * Status Epilepticus ## Footnote These classifications help in understanding seizure occurrences post-injury.

Question 56

What are the **levels of consciousness**?

Answer 56

* Coma * Vegetative * Minimally Conscious ## Footnote Coma indicates no arousal or awareness, vegetative state shows arousal without awareness, and minimally conscious state indicates both arousal and awareness.

Question 57

What is **Autonomic Dysreflexia** and its prevalence in severe TBI?

Answer 57

Occurs in 15-30% of people with severe TBI ## Footnote Symptoms may include tachycardia, diaphoresis, and hypertension.

Question 58

What is the progression of **Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)**?

Answer 58

* Diffuse Axonal Injury * Release of Tau Proteins * Inflammation * Progressive Dementia ## Footnote This progression highlights the long-term effects of repeated head injuries.

Question 59

What are the **risk factors** that predict persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS)?

Answer 59

* Older than 40 * Female * Traumatically injured * Low socioeconomic status * Substance abuse * Pending litigation * Psych disorders like anxiety or depression ## Footnote These factors increase the likelihood of experiencing PPCS.

Question 60

What are the **injury severity classifications** for TBI?

Answer 60

* Mild: LOC 0-30 minutes; AOC 1 moment up to 24 hours; PTA <7 days; GCS 13-15 * Moderate: LOC 30 minutes to <24 hours; AOC >24 hours; PTA >1 day and <7 days; GCS 9-12 * Severe: LOC >24 hours; PTA >7 days; GCS 3-8 ## Footnote These classifications help in assessing the severity of brain injuries.

Question 61

What is **neuroplasticity**?

Answer 61

The ability of the nervous system to change itself ## Footnote Neuroplasticity involves forming new connections and creating new neurons to compensate for injury.

Question 62

What does **Broca's Area** control?

Answer 62

Controls muscles of face and mouth enabling the production of speech ## Footnote Injury to Broca's area leads to broken speech.

Question 63

What is the function of the **Limbic System**?

Answer 63

Balances emotions and controls expression of emotion ## Footnote The limbic system includes the hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, and cingulate.

Question 64

What is the **Blood-brain barrier**?

Answer 64

A protective system ensuring harmful substances cannot pass through the membrane to harm the brain ## Footnote This barrier is crucial for maintaining brain health.

Question 65

What does the **CAGE** acronym signify?

Answer 65

Four signs of alcohol dependence ## Footnote This tool is used for screening alcohol dependence.

Question 66

What is the **Family Systems Theory**?

Answer 66

Viewing a family as a system of interrelated parts where actions of one component influence others ## Footnote This theory emphasizes that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

Question 67

What are the **tenets of Person Centered** care?

Answer 67

* People can be trusted to lead their own lives * Providers' attitude determines outcomes * All people have capacity for self-direction ## Footnote These tenets guide effective rehabilitation practices.