What are intermediate belief
‘if-then’ thoughts, designed to protect oneself from a painful core belief. If i get all A’s, then I’m not a failure. Rigid and inflexible
Describe core beliefs
Generalised, fundamental, pervasive beliefs a person has for themselves, the world, and the future
Describe Schemas
Enduring patterns of inferring typical features of the world. Short cuts determining how we perceive new information. What we believe, and how we process the information.
Describe information processing biases
Considering our schemas and core beliefs, information processing biases occur by the person paying attention to cues that are congruent to their beliefs, rather than information to the contrary.
Describe modes
Interrelated set of schemas, influenced by core beliefs, intermediate beliefs, automatic thoughts, a) primal b) constructive c) minor
describe down arrow technique, and what it is used for?
Identifying core beliefs. Start with pressing concern e.g. I blush, investigate through questioning, why is this a problem, what does this mean for you, if this were true, what does this mean for you.
QhT ARE SOME OTHER WAYS OF IDENTIFYING CORE BELIEFS, ASIDE FROM THE DOWNWARD ARROW TECHNIQUE?
Self report inventories
Describe a method of modifying a core belief.
- identify core belief, using pie chart - components of what it means to be ‘good’ (for someone who is thinking ‘i’m not as good as other people’)
- Examine evidence to refute old belief and support new adaptive belief. a) positive feedback diary - unable to refute fact that people say nice things and have positive regard for a person b) identify areas that need improvement, and examine strategies to bring about these improvements.
- Ads vs disads. 4 x 4 chart to analyse how old belief is helping or hindering, and how new belief will help or hinder.
- Behavioural exp. Intellectually agree with therapy thus far, but still belief core belief emotionally - experiment time!
- Act ‘as if’ - act as though you have new belief, even if they aren’t fully invested in it
- Cognitive continuum. Rating 0-100 comparative to anchors
- Historical tests. Examine pathway from which core belief developed
- Restructuring early memories. role play and imagery -
- defining new self - id components of new self, and structure ways they would like to become like their new self - using movie stars of pop culture to id people who may exude these values.
- Solicite social support - feedback from others
- Time projection - think vividly about being the person with the new belief, and the positive impact this will bring.
Explain cog theory of dep
People who have negative ways of thinking are more likely to experience depression when faced with stressful life events because they engage in negative informational processing
Explain hopelessness version of depression
Those who attribute negative life events to enduring and global causes more likely to experience depression due to thinking a) neg consequences from negative event, b) this is due to them being fundamentally flawed
Give some examples of CBT treatment targeting the following domains, cognitive, behavioural , and physiological
Cog- cog restructuring to change neg distorted thoughts
Beh- acti sched, skills training, assertiveness
Phys - imagery, meditation, relaxation
Describe the process of presenting a treatment rationale to a client.
Present the rationale meaningfully, explore reactions to it, explore previous attributions to problem (Chem imbalace), get client to explain rationale to you, assume reactions to rationale will change, validate reactions to CBT, be upfront about responses to rationale
Is repeated asking about a clients reaction to the treatment rationale a good idea?
You bloody bet it is
Describe SIT and it’s phases
Stress inoculation therapy - used in after moth of stressful life events and in prevention.
P1 - conceptualisation, Socratic questioning about stress and relationships, id stressors as probs to be solved. breakdown stressors into goals, and then reconceptualise problem
P2 - Skills acquisition and rehearsal. Specific
P3 - implementation and follow through. Try out skills across increasing levels of stressors.
Describe how one might treat social phobia
Psychoeducation - provide a cbt explanation of social phobia
Identify analyse and dispute maladaptive cognitions
Expose in controlled environ
Use id/anal/dispute whilst being exposed
Teach to use rational thinking rather than negative cognitions
homework is to repeat in real world
teach cog restructuring routine for real world
Give 2 cognitive elements of Bulimia
Cog distortion - values of weight, weight = self worth
Long standing negative evaluation
In essence, low self esteem and preoccupation with weight
Give 2 lesser cog elements of Bulimia
Perfectionism and dichotomous thinking (black and white)
1st stage of CBT for bulimia?
- Explain CBT rationale and replace eating behaviour - explain cog elements of B, monitor eating habits, education, eating structure,
2nd stage of CBT for bulimia?
Eliminating dieting - avoiding foods, calric intake
Cog restructure - id prob thought, for and against, examine evidence against, socriatic questioning, come to reasonable conclusion which governs behaviour
What are two cognitive distortions present in those suffering from PTSD?
- The world is a dangerous place 2. The person is incompentent
What is the most effective method of treatment for PTSD?
Exposure - cog restruc also ok
Name the two elements of PTSD treatment aimed at emotional processing?
- Fear relevant information reactivated as to elicit fear memory activation
- New information incompatible with old information offered to form new memory.
4 elements of PE/CR treatment of PTSD?
- psychoed 2. breathing retraining 3. exposure (imaginal, in vivo) 4. cog restructure
What does SUDS stand for?
Subjective Units of Discomfort
