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cell Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

Chromatin function

A

controls all activities of the cell, its metabolism. carries genetic information. creates proteins

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2
Q

Nucleic acids

A

special group of chemicals in cells concerned with the transmission of inherited information. Made of nucleotides.

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3
Q

genome

A

all chromosomes(2x23)

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4
Q

all chromosomes

A

46, 22 homological - diploids(about physics, illnesses)
2 sexual - about sex (XX, XY)

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5
Q

somatic cells

A

diploid(2 sets of gens), 2n, almost every cell

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6
Q

sexual cells

A

haploid(1 set of gens), n, sperms and eggs

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7
Q

DNA

A

double helix, deoxyribose, missing OH group, long, inside the nucleus, stable, information storage, purine bases (A,G), pyrimidin bases (T,C)

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8
Q

RNA

A

single helix, ribose, additional OH group, short, all throughout the cell, fragile, active functions, purine basis (A,G), pyrimidin bases (U,C)

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9
Q

transcription, translation

A

unwinding DNA in the nucleus - RNA polymerase - making template strand - mRNA - leaving nucleus - attaching to ribosomes (made of RNA) - translation - tRNA(triplets) transfer amino acids

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10
Q

strand

A

plátno

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11
Q

nucleolus

A

inside the nucleus, no membrane, important for creating ribosomes

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12
Q

plasma membrane

A

semipermeable. function - transport, controls what goes in and out of a cell

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13
Q

plasma membrane structure

A

phospholipid bilayer, inner surface, proteins

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14
Q

passive transport

A

without using energy - diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion. caused by random movements of molecules, move with the concentration gradient

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15
Q

active transport

A

with using of energy - ion pump, exocytosis, endocytosis

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16
Q

concentration gradient

A

difference in the concentration of a substance across a space

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17
Q

Diffusion

A

a process by which molecules move from areas of high concentration to low concentration until the equilibrium

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18
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

diffusion, but bigger molecules(glucose) move by carrier proteins

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19
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water molecules from a solution with their higher concentration to lower concentration through a semipermeable membrane

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20
Q

osmosis solutions

A

hypertonic, isotonic, hypotonic

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21
Q

osmosis examples

A

plant roots, freshwater/saltwater fish, fingers placed in water

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22
Q

ATP

A

adenosin tri phosphate

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23
Q

Sodium/potassium pump

A

ion exchange, Na/K

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24
Q

Movement by vesicles

A

endocytosis - into a cell
exocytosis - out of the cell

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25
pinocytosis
ingestion of fluids
26
phagocytosis
ingestion of solids
27
vesicles
vezikuly, cellular envelope that transports material from one place to another
28
cell wall
a flexible outer barrier that surrounds plant cells
29
cell wall function
protection and support, controls plant shape and size, maintains turgor pressure(inner pressure of a cell), regulates movement in and out, incrustation, impregnation
30
incrustation
storage of unorganic matters - improves strength of the cell wall
31
impregnation
storage of organic matters - lignin(in wood), wax(cuticularization)
32
Protoplasm
metabolically active living matter inside the cell
33
protoplasm division
cytoplasm, nucleoplasm
34
cytoplasm
liquid medium of the cell with cell organelles and other cell structure. 75-80% water + different molecules
35
ribosomes
made of RNA and protein, synthesized in nucleolus
36
ribosomes function
read RNA and synthesize proteins, responsible for translation, proteosynthesis
37
ribosomes location
in nucleolus, ER, cytoplasm
38
proteosynthesis
creation of proteins from amino acids
39
Endoplasmatic reticulum
network of tubules, vesicles and cisternae
40
ER functions
protein synthesis, folding and transport of proteins to be used in the cell membrane or to be secreted from the cell, separation of calcium, storage of macromolecules(lipids, steroids)
41
ER types
smooth ER - metabolic processes rough ER - targeting proteins
42
Golgi apparatus function
to process and package macromolecules synthesized by the cell (proteins and lipids)
43
Lysosomes
contain digestive enzymes, digest waste products, autolysis
44
autolysis
the cell is digesting itself
45
digestion
using the nutrients to make energy
46
Cytosomes
are created in membranes of ER and Golgi, contain enzymes
47
enzymes in cytosomes
peroxisomes, glyoxisomes, sterosomes, multivesicules
48
peroxisomes
contain oxidases, dissolution of alcohol in liver
49
glyoxisomes
dissolution of lipids and sugars
50
sterosomes
create fat drops
51
multivesicules
in endocrine organs
52
Cytoskeleton
Dynamic structure that maintains cell shape, protects the cell, helps moving(flagella and cilia), helps intracellular transport and cellular division
53
Centrosome
Area of cytoplasm close to nucleolus, contains centrioles (helps mitosis), 9 pairs of microtubules made to a circle
54
Fragella and cilia
Movement of a cell and transport materials from the surroundings structure, made of 9 pairs of microtubules around and 2 central microtubules
55
Fragella
Bičík
56
Celia
Brvy
57
Inclusions
Chemical substances, used for products storage, secretory products, pigment granules
58
Vacuoles
Vesicles filled with water
59
Vacuoles function
Storage of food, water, oil, toxins, pigments and waste
60
Tonoplast
The membrane covering the vacuoles
61
Mitochondrion
Membrane enclosed organelle, generates ATP, plays role in apoptosis, cellular reproduction, heme synthesis, steroid synthesis, cellular respiration
62
Cellular respiration
Breaking glucose to make ATP
63
Plastids
In plant cells, double membrane, responsible for photosynthesis, storage of products, synthesis of molucules
64
Plastids types
Chromoplasts, leucoplasts, amyloplasts, statoliths, elailoplasts, proteinoplasts, chloroplasts
65
Chromoplasts
Pigment synthesis and storage (autumn leaves, red pepper) - yellowish colour
66
Amyloplasts
Starch storage
67
Statoliths
Detecting gravity
68
Elailoplasts
Lipids storage
69
Proteinoplasts
Proteins storage
70
Chloroplasts
Photosynthesis, made of flat discs(thylakoids) in stacks (granum), inner and outer membrane, stroma, ribosomes and dna
71
Interphase
G1 phase - growth, division S phase - dna replication G2 phase - growth, supplements
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