Cell Adaptation

Question 1

name the 4 main intracellular system affected during cell injury

Answer 1

1. Membrane integrity
   
   1. Cellular PM
   2. organelle membranes
2. ATP production
3. Protein synthesis
4. Genomic or chromosomal integrity

Question 2

what are the 2 types of cell injuries

Answer 2

• Reversible injury = mild or transient
  
  • Cellular structures & functions impaired, but can recover
• Irreversible injury = severe or progressive
  
  • Membrane damage
  • DNA damage
  • Results in cell death
    
    • necrosis
    • apoptosis

Question 3

name the early cellular responses to injury (step 1)

Answer 3

• 1. cloudy swelling
     * earliest evidence of injury
     * loss of normal staining intensity due to swelling of organelles

Question 4

name the 2nd stage of cellular response to injury

Answer 4

• Hydropic degeneration
  
  • continued swelling of organelles
  • vacuoles appear in cytoplasm
    
    • stains faintly with loss of basophilia

Question 5

name the 3rd change in cellular response to injury

Answer 5

• Fatty change (steatosis)
  
  • accumulation of triglycerides in cytoplasm
  • most common in liver
  • common causes:
    
    • toxins, like alcohol
    • chronic hypoxia

Question 6

name the cellular adaptation to nonlethal injury

Answer 6

1. Alteration in size
   
   1. Atrophy (decrease in size of existing cell)
   2. Hypertrophy (increase in size of existing cell)
2. Increase in number
   
   1. hyperplasia
3. Change in differentiation
   
   1. metaplasia

Question 7

describe hypertrophy

Answer 7

• Increase in the size of cells resulting in increased size of organ
  
  • reversible
  • no change in cell number
• Cause
  
  • increased functional demand
  • specific hormonal stimulation
• Tissues commonly affected:
  
  • cardiac muscle
  • skeletal muscle
  • Uterus
    
    • pregnancy

Question 8

describe this

Answer 8

hypertrophy of cardiac muscles

Question 9

describe hyperplasia

Answer 9

• Increase in the number of cells
  
  • reversible
• Cause
  
  • increased functional demand
  • hormonal stimulation
• Tissues commonly affected:
  
  • endometrium
  • prostate gland
  • red blood cells
  • glandular epithelium of breast
  • uterine enlargement

Question 10

describe the image

Answer 10

• hyperplasia of the uterus during pregnancy

Question 11

describe the image

Answer 11

• hyperplasia of endometrium

Question 12

describe the image

Answer 12

hyperplasia of mammary glands

a. inactive mammary gland
b. active mammary gland

Question 13

describe atrophy

Answer 13

• Reduction in functional cell mass
  
  • decreased size and function of cells
  • reversible
• Cause
  
  • decreased functional demand
  • decreased blood supply
  • loss of innervation
  • loss of endocrine stimulation
  • nutritional deficiency
  • aging
• Tissues commonly affected
  
  • testis in elderly
  • skeletal muscle
    
    • disuse
    • loss of inervation
  • brain
    
    • neurodegenerative
    • aging

Question 14

describe the image

Answer 14

a, normal testis

b. atrophy of testis in 94 year old

Question 15

describe metaplasia

Answer 15

• change in cell differentiation
  
  • reversible
  • one cell type is replaced by another cell type
    
    • reprogrammed stem cells
• Cause:
  
  • adaptive response to environmental stimuli
    
    • cigarette smoke
    • acid reflux
• Tissues commonly affected:
  
  • respiratory epithelium
  • cervical epithelium
  • esophageal epithelium
• Increased risk for dysplasia and neoplasia

Question 16

describe dysplasia

Answer 16

• failure of differentiation and maturation
  
  • persistent cellular atypia
    
    • structurally abnormal
    • high nuclear to cytoplasm ratio
    • large nuclei with dark staining chromatin
• Cause
  
  • Rapid multiplication of cells
  • may demonstrate genetic abnormalities
• Tissues commonly affected
  
  • cervix
  • skin
• May arise from tissue with metaplasia
• Increased risk of neoplasia

Question 17

describe neoplasia

Answer 17

• cellular proliferation and growth in absence of external stimulus
• variable states of differentiation
  
  • commonly fail to reach highly differentiated state
• Neoplasm: abnormal mass of cells
• 2 main groups:
  
  • benign
  • malignant