Cell bio final

Question 1

caspase

Answer 1

responsible for apoptosis

Question 2

autocrine

Answer 2

acts on signal sending cell
allows cell to coordinate its own activities

Question 3

cell signalling steps

Answer 3

reception
transduction
response

Question 4

Ras GDP

Answer 4

inactive

Question 5

Interphase

Answer 5

G1, S, G2

Question 6

dimerization

Answer 6

rapid activation of the cytoplasmic kinase domains (enzyme receptor)

brings RTK together

Question 7

procaspases

Answer 7

inactive form of caspases

Question 8

GPCRs process

G proteins coupled receptor

Answer 8

ligand bind to receptor outside membrane
activates G protein
alpha subunit is released and drops GDP and bonds to GTP
activated alpha bonds to adenylyl cyclase
converts ATP to cAMP
cAMP binds to protein kinase A
kinase A activates phosphorylase kinase
phosphorylase kinase activates glycogen phosphorylase which catalyzes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose
use image

Question 9

cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs)

Answer 9

phosphorylate other molecules
concentration stays constant
become active when they bind to cyclin

Question 10

Enzyme coupled receptor process

Answer 10

signaling molecule binds to RTK
adaptor protein on RTK activates Ras-GEF
Ras-GEF activates Ras protein by replacing GDP with GTP
activated Ras protein activates Raf protein kinase which activates MEK which activates ERK which activates nuclear/cytoplasmic proteins

Question 11

anaphase promoting complex (APC)

Answer 11

causes M cyclin destruction at the start of anaphase
pushes cell out of mitosis
attaches ubiquitin to target protein
also triggers degradation of S cyclins and cohesin proreins

Question 12

p21

Answer 12

prevents cell growth and cancer

Question 13

4 types of cell communication

Answer 13

paracrine
autocrine
endocrine
contact-dependent

Question 14

initiator caspase

Answer 14

activate executioner procaspases

Question 15

GPCRs characteristic

Answer 15

7 transmembrane domains

Question 16

mitogens

Answer 16

synthesize cylcins

Question 17

cohesin

Answer 17

keeps chromosomes attached

Question 18

Mitosis

Answer 18

cell division

Question 19

membrane-impermeable signal molecules

Answer 19

must have receptor and signal molecule
causes chain reaction
fast but short response

Question 20

Bcl2 family

Answer 20

regulate cell death
pro-apoptotic = promote apoptosis
anti-apoptotic = inhibit apoptosis

Question 21

active enzyme receptor adds what

Answer 21

phosphate group

Question 22

apoptosis

Answer 22

programmed cell death
neat process
cell degrades and shrinks
taken up by phagocytic macrophages
irreversible once process starts

Question 23

GDP

Answer 23

inactive
replaced not phosphorylated

Question 24

GEF

Answer 24

removes GDP
adds GTP

Question 25

S

Answer 25

DNA replication

Question 26

contact-dependent

Answer 26

does not require the release of secreted molecules cells come in contact with each other

Question 27

transduction

Answer 27

change in receptor initiates transduction several steps extracellular signals to intracellular responses

Question 28

three classes of cell surface receptors

Answer 28

G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) enzyme coupled receptors ion channel coupled receptors

Question 29

Ras GTP

Answer 29

active

Question 30

M

Answer 30

mitosis

Question 31

cyclins

Answer 31

concentration changes at specific stages of cell cycles helps drive the events of that phase activate cyclin dependent kinases (CDK)

Question 32

membrane-permeable signal molecules

Answer 32

small, hydrophobic molecules cross cell membrane (intracellular receptor) slow response but long lasting steroids

Question 33

G2

Answer 33

cell growth

Question 34

growth factor

Answer 34

what binds to enzyme receptor

Question 35

P53

Answer 35

always active transcription regulator degraded when there is no DNA damage if there is damage activates repair enzymes or apoptosis targets p21 gene

Question 36

DNA damage checkpoints

Answer 36

stop cell cycle if the DNA is damaged G1/S checkpoint

Question 37

enzyme couple receptors | characteristics

Answer 37

intracellular domain of the receptor is an enzyme N terminus = extracellular C terminus = intracellular

Question 38

G1

Answer 38

cell growth

Question 39

executioner caspase

Answer 39

activate other executioner procaspases and degrade proteins

Question 40

response

Answer 40

signal triggers specific cellular response

Question 41

paracrine

Answer 41

communicate over small distances coordinate activities with neighbor cells immune response

Question 42

endocrine

Answer 42

signal is transmitted over long distances through blood stream hormones

Question 43

Cell cycle

Answer 43

G1 = cell growth S = DNA replication G2 = cell growth M = mitosis

Question 44

reception

Answer 44

signaling protein (ligand) binds to a receptor (makes conformational chang)

Question 45

GAP

Answer 45

turns GTP to GDP

Question 46

necrosis

Answer 46

death of injured cell messy cell burst triggers inflamation

Question 47

GTP

Answer 47

active

Question 48

Bax/Bak

Answer 48

pro apoptotic Bcl2 family activated in response to DNA damage or stress activates caspase cascade

Question 49

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK)

Answer 49

receptor in enzyme receptor

Question 50

kinase in enzyme coupled receptor

Answer 50

(in order) Raf protein kinase MEK ERK

Question 51

mitosis steps

Answer 51

prophase = chromosomes condense metaphase = line up in middle anaphase = sister chromatids separate and move to opposite sides of cell telophase = new nuclei form and cell prepares for division