CELL CYCLE L10

Question 1

cell theory

Answer 1

• all living cells made of one or more cells
• cells are the basic organizational and functional units of all organisms
• all cells come from other cells

Question 2

unicellular

Answer 2

• just reproduction

Question 3

multicellular

Answer 3

• growth and development

Question 4

main function of cell division

Answer 4

• distribute genetic material into daughter cells

Question 5

genome

Answer 5

• cells total genetic material

Question 6

prokaryotes

Answer 6

• usually 1 circular DNA molecule

Question 7

eukaryotes

Answer 7

• usually >1 linear DNA molecules

Question 8

genes

Answer 8

• informational unit of DNA
• responsible for structure of all proteins in a cell
• at locus
• arranged linearly on chromosomes

Question 9

chromosomes

Answer 9

• “colored body”
• DNA wrapped around proteins
• highly organized

Question 10

histones

Answer 10

• proteins in eukaryotic cells that associate with DNA to form chromosomes

Question 11

nucleosomes

Answer 11

• 8 histones with 146 base pairs of DNA wrapped around adjacent nucleosomes linked by 60 base pairs

Question 12

chromatin

Answer 12

• DNA/protein complex in dispersed state
• DNA usually in this state
• condenses to chromosomes

Question 13

chromosome structure

Answer 13

• each has unique shape and size

- centromeres and telomeres

Question 14

centromeres

Answer 14

• constricted area

- site of spindle attachment

Question 15

telomeres

Answer 15

• end regions

Question 16

haploid

Answer 16

• (n)
• number of distinct or different chromosomes
• 1 of each chromosome
• ex. gametes

Question 17

diploid

Answer 17

• (2n)
• 2 of each chromosome
• same length, centromere location, genes
• ex. somatic cells

Question 18

interphase

Answer 18

• growth and synthesis
• metabolically active
• G1, S, G2

Question 19

G1

Answer 19

• prepare for S phase
• no DNA synthesis
• growth and normal development

Question 20

S

Answer 20

• synthesis

- chromosomes duplicated

Question 21

G2

Answer 21

• DNA still as chromatin
• high metabolic activity
• 2 centrosomes
• preparation for mitosis

Question 22

centrosome

Answer 22

• region of microtubule organization
• contains pair of centrioles
• duplicates in G2

Question 23

M phase

Answer 23

• mitosis and cytokinesis

Question 24

5 stages of mitosis

Answer 24

• prophase
• prometaphase
• metaphase
• anaphase
• telophase

Question 25

prophase

Answer 25

- chromosomes condense | - mitotic spindle forms

Question 26

prometaphase

Answer 26

- nuclear membrane breaks down - fragments stored in vesicles for later use - nucleolus disappears - mitotic spindle elongates

Question 27

metaphase

Answer 27

- chromosomes align at metaphase plate

Question 28

anaphase

Answer 28

- sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles - pulled by kinetochores - separase separates sister chromatids - after separation each chromatid is considered a chromosome

Question 29

telophase

Answer 29

- chromosomes start to decondense - nuclear envelope reforms - new nuclei identical to parent nucleus - daughter cells genetically identical to parent

Question 30

cytokinesis

Answer 30

- cytoplasmic division - 2 cells each with 1 nucleus