Hallmarks of cancer
- Evades immune destruction
- Evades growth suppressors
- Genomic instability
- Resisting cell death
- Inducing angiogenesis
What are oncogenes?
Dominant gain-of-function mutations
Mutation to only one gene copy is enough to cause a problem
Tumour Suppressor genes
Recessive loss of function mutations
Mutation on both genes to cause a problem
Cell senescence
- cell loses its ability to proliferate
- ## tumour suppressor mechanism
Antagonistic Pleiotropy Hypothesis
One gene controls more than one trait
One trait is helpful to survival early on
The other is detrimental as we age
Markers of senescent cells
- growth arrest
- apoptosis resistance
- altered gene expression
- expression of senescent markers
Causes and consequences of oxidative stress
- Oxidation of Cys residue
- Lipid peroxidation
- Mitochondrial dysfunction
- Genetic instability
Glycation
Non-enzymatic reaction leading to the
attachment of sugars to
* Proteins
* DNA
* Lipids
Advanced glycation end products (AGE)
AGE are
* Pro-oxidant
* Pro-inflammatory
* Interact with RAGE (Receptor for
AGE)
* Can lead to chronic conditions
Causes; nutrition and radiation
Protein misfolding
Quality control system; chaperones and the ubiquitin-proteasome system
- caused by an error in the AA sequence or error in folding process
The Unfolded Protein Response (UPR)
- signalling cascades activated to repair protein homeostasis
