3/4 Biology > Cell Signalling > Flashcards

Cell Signalling Flashcards

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1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Involves processes responsible for maintaining a relatively constant environment. It provides cells with a relatively stable environment so that cells can function properly

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2
Q

In animals what are the two ways in which a chemical message can occur?

A
  • nervous system- synapse

- endocrine system- hormones

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3
Q

What is action potential?

A

Nerve impulse

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4
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A
  • sensory
  • inter/ relay
  • motor/ effector
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5
Q

What are the types of cell signalling molecules?

A
  • steroid hormone
  • simple gases
  • neurotransmitters
  • peptide hormones + growth factors
  • fatty acid derivatives
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6
Q

What’s an example of a steroid hormone?

A

Progesterone

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7
Q

What is an example of a simple gas?

A

Nitric oxide

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8
Q

What is an example of a neurotransmitter?

A

Adrenaline

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9
Q

What is an example of a peptide hormone or growth factor?

A

Insulin

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10
Q

What is an example of a fatty acid derivative?

A

Prostaglandins

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11
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

Regulates the body’s processes by releasing chemical messages called hormones into the bloodstream

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12
Q

How can the endocrine system be stimulated?

A

Hormonal, humoral or neural stimulus

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13
Q

What are the two major types of hormones?

A
  • amino acid/ polypeptide-membrane receptors

- steroids- soluble in lipids

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14
Q

What is it called when multiple reactions occur as a result of others?

A

Cascade effect

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15
Q

Are steroids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophobic

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16
Q

Are large peptide hormones hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophilic

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17
Q

Are steroids able to pass through the membrane?

A

Yes

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18
Q

Are large peptide hormones able to move through the membrane?

A

No

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19
Q

What are the different types of pheromones?

A

Trail,alarm, territorial, sex

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20
Q

Which are the major cells that secrete cytokines?

A

White blood cells (immune cells)

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21
Q

What are the effects cytokines can have?

A

Stimulatory, inhibitory, regulatory

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22
Q

What are pheromones?

A

Are chemical signalling molecules for communication between members of one animal species

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23
Q

How do neurotransmitters move across across the synaptic cleft?

A
  • neutron is stimulated, it’s nerve impulse in the form of an electrical signal along the axon
  • vesicles form containing neurotransmitters
  • impulse is transmitted across the synaptic cleft by neurotransmitter molecules released from vesicles in the pre-synaptic neutron
  • The neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind with receptors on the post-synaptic neuron
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24
Q

Neurotransmitters are the chemical signalling molecules of which type of cells?

A

Nerve cells

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25
What are the two types of signalling of nerve cells?
- communication within a nerve cell, known as action potential - communication between nerve cells uses chemical signals known as neurotransmitters
26
How do hormones travel to their target cell?
Via the bloodstream
27
How do hydrophilic hormones reach target cells?
Through the blood from site of production to specific target
28
How do hydrophobic hormones reach target cells?
They are transported through the blood but are attached to a protein carrier
29
Are amino acid derivatives hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Hydrophilic
30
Are lipid-derived hormones hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Hydrophobic
31
Are peptide and protein hormones hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Hydrophilic
32
Do hydrophobic hormones directly or indirectly activate genes?
Directly
33
Do hydrophilic hormones directly or indirectly activate genes?
Indirectly
34
Can polar signalling molecules cross the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane?
No
35
Can non polar signalling molecules cross the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane?
Yes
36
Can hydrophilic signalling molecules cross the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane?
No
37
Can hydrophobic signalling molecules cross the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane?
Yes
38
What are the name of receptors located on the cell membrane called?
Cell-surface receptors
39
What are the names of the receptors located either in the cytosol or nucleus of the target cell called?
Intracellular receptors
40
What are the three stages of cellular communication?
Signal reception, signal transduction, cellular response
41
How is the signal travelled in the endocrine system?
Long-distance travel
42
How is the signal travelled in the paracrine system?
Travel to nearby cells
43
How are signals travelled in the autocrine system?
One cell receives the same signal
44
What is the reception stage?
A signal from the cells external environment
45
What is the transduction stage?
Transduction of the signal into a form that can bring about a cellular response
46
What is the cellular response stage?
Cellular response to the signal that comprises physical, biochemical or physiological changes brought about by the effector proteins in the cell
47
What are the two types of receptors called?
Cell surface and intracellular receptors
48
Where are cell surface receptors located?
Located on the membrane
49
Where are intracellular receptors located?
Either the cytosol or nucleus
50
What is signal transduction?
A process that converts a signal from outside the cell into a response within the cell
51
When doe signal transduction begin?
After a signalling molecule bonds to its specific receptor, changing its shape and activating it
52
What are some major differences between plant and animal hormones?
Animal are produced by glands plant are mainly produced by cells in growing areas Animal hormones typically travel via the bloodstream whilst plants usually travel by the phloem tissue
53
What are auxins responsible for?
Cell division and growth in cell size
54
What cytokinins responsible for?
Increase in cell division
55
What are gibberellins responsible for?
Cell division and growth in cell size
56
What is abscisic acid responsible for?
Dormancy
57
What is ethylene responsible for?
Ageing
58
What stimulates the ripening of mature fruits?
Ethylene
59
What promotes lengthening of the stem?
Auxin and gibberellic acid
60
Where are cytokinins made?
Young fruits
61
Where are auxin and gibberellic acid made?
Young leaves and buds
62
What does a release of abscisic acid do?
Causes the closure of stomata
63
In what direction do auxins travel?
From shoot to root
64
What is a tropism?
The growth of a plant in response to a stimulus
65
What are two examples of a stimulus that results in the growth of a plant?
Water and light
66
Does auxin travel to the light or shaded side of a plant?
Shaded
67
What occurs when there is an increase in auxin cells in shaded area?
Causes cells to elongate to a greater degree than those in light area
68
What is apoptosis?
A process that is genetically controlled and highly regulated cell destruction
69
What is the role of apoptosis?
Ensure balance between cell production and cell lose
70
What are the plant hormones?
Auxin, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene, abscisic acid
71
What is necrosis?
Unplanned cell death such as that occuring when cells suffer trauma and die prematurely
72
What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?
Apoptosis is planned while necrosis is unplanned
73
What is the negative feedback system?
A system where the response to a particular stimulus reversed the direction of that stimulus
74
What is a pheromone?
A signalling molecule produced by a cell that attaches to a specific receptor and triggers a specific response
75
What is signal transduction?
The series of events that occur after the receipt of a specific signal and which result in a response
76
What is apoptosis?
Programmed cell death
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