Cell Specialisation

Question 0

Cells can differentiate in a number of ways, with changes to: (3)

Answer 0

• The number of a particular organelle
• The shape of a cell
• Some of the contents of a cell

Question 1

Differentiation

Answer 1

-The changes occurring in cells of a multicellular organism so that each different type of cell becomes specialised to perform a specific function

Question 2

Where are blood cells made ? :D

Answer 2

From undifferentiated stem cells in bone marrow

Question 3

Erythrocytes (red blud cells) (4)

Answer 3

• Cells that become erythrocytes lose their nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum
• They be packed with bare haemoglobin
• Shape changes to become biconcave
• Can transport oxygen

Question 4

Specialisation of sperm cells (4)

Answer 4

Organelle content:
-Has many mitochondria for movement of undulipodia
-Sperm head contains a specialised lysosome to produce enzymes to break down egg cell wall
Shape wise:
-Small, long and thin to ease movement drag
-Undulipodium propels the cell up the uterine track to the egg

Question 5

Specialisation of root hair cells

Answer 5

Have hair like projections into soil to increase surface area for water and mineral absorption

Question 6

Specialisation of neutrophils (white blood cells)

Answer 6

• Keep their nucleus
• Cytoplasm appears granular as a plethora of lysosomes are produced
• Lysosomes produce the enzymes that kill pathogens

Question 7

Organs

Answer 7

A collection of tissues working together to perform a particular function

Question 8

Tissues

Answer 8

A collection of cells that are similar to each other and perform a similar function

Question 10

Organ systems

Answer 10

Consists of a number of organs working together to perform an overall life function

Question 11

Xylem cells (6)

Answer 11

• Transport water and mineral ions
• Walls thickened with woody substance called lignin, which helps to support the vessel by preventing it from caving in
• Formed from single columns of cells
• Cells are dead without a cytoplasm
• No end walls producing an uninterrupted tube
• Only composed of one type of cell

Question 12

Phloem cells (5)

Answer 12

• Composed of a number of cells including companion cells and sieve tube elements
• Transport dissolved solutes such as sucrose and amino acids
• Joined end end to end to form tubes but cells are separated by sieve plates which allow solutes to pass through
• Adjacent cells in the tubes are connected through the sieve plate by cytoplasm
• Cells are living

Question 13

Companion cells

Answer 13

Actively moves sucrose out of neighbouring photosynthesizing cells to the sieve tubes to carry out their functions