cell specialization:
process where cells develop to perform partichlar functions
factors influencing cell specialization
- contents of cells cytoplasm
- environmental conditions such as TEMP, PRESSURE, nutrients
- influence of neighbouring cells may activate or suppress genes
the contents of a cells cytoplasm affects cell specialization bc
the number of each organelle may vary
animal body levels of organization
- cell (heart and muscle cell)
- tissue (heart muscle tissue)
- organ (heart)
- organ system (circulatory system)
the animal body hierarchy of organization is organized by
simplest to most complex
epithelial tissue: layers of
tightly packed cells arranged in sheets/columns
epithelial tissue covers the body ___
both externally and internally
epithelial tissue is mainly for
protection
muscle tissue: bundles of long cells containing
specialized proteins (able to shorten and lengthen)
muscle fibers:
bundles of long cells in muscle tissue
skeletal muscle tissue:
locomotion, makes bones move
smooth muscle tissue:
squeezea substances through organs
cardiac muscle tissue:
pumps blood
connective tissue: various types of cells and fibres held together by
a solid, liquid, gel
connective tissue function
strengthens, supports, connects cells and tissues
nervous tissue: long thin cells with
fine branches at the ends to conduct electrical impulses
neurons:
long thin cells in nervous tissue
nervous tissue transmits and stores info,
responds to stimuli
stem cells:
unspecialized cells
stem cells undergo
mitosis and cytokinesis
stem cells divide into two daughter cells, each daughter cell can
develop into a different type of cell based on the parts of its DNA that are switched on
embryonic stem cells:
can differentiate into any kind of cell
adult stem cells:
located in special areas, can only differentiate into certain types of cells depending on location
adult stem cells can be in
bone marrow, differentiate into white or red blood cells
