Biology > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

whats the cell theory?

A

all living organisms are composed of one or more cells, all cells arise from pre existing cells

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2
Q

structure of a eukaryotic cell?

A

cell surface membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, cell wall, vacuole

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3
Q

cell surface membrane?

A

controls substance entry/exit
composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

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4
Q

nucleus?

A

contains linear DNA (histone bound chromosomes)
nucleolus produces ribosomes

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5
Q

structure of nucleus?

A

nucleolus
nuclear pores
nucleoplasm
nuclear envelope
chromatin

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6
Q

mitochondria?

A

the site of aerobic respiration and ATP production

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7
Q

structure of mitochondria?

A

inner and outer membrane, , matrix

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8
Q

chloroplasts?

A

site of photosynthesis
contains chlorophyll

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9
Q

structure of chloroplasts?

A

thylakoid, granum, ribosomes, chloroplast DNA, membrane, stroma

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10
Q

golgi apparatus?

A

modifies and packages proteins and lipids
forms vesicles e.g. lysosomes

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11
Q

lysosomes?

A

vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes for digesting worn out organelles or pathogens

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12
Q

endoplasmic reticulum?

A

rough ER: ribosome covered and responsible for the synthesis and transport of proteins
smooth ER: synthesises and stores lipids and carbohydrates

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13
Q

ribosomes?

A

the site of proteins synthesis
80s in eukaryotes and 70s in prokaryotes

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14
Q

cell wall?

A

provides strength and support
made from cellulose in plants and chitin in fungi

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15
Q

vacuole?

A

stores cell sap (in plants)
helps maintain cell pressure and structure

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16
Q

how are red blood cells specialised for their function?

A

biconcave + no nucleus -> creating more space for oxygen transport

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17
Q

functions and adaptations of neurones?

A

function = conduction of nerve impulses
adaptations:
-cell body contains most organelles and is the site of protein synthesis
-long axon enables fast, long distance transmission
-myelin sheath insulates axon and increases speed of impulse conduction

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18
Q

function and adaptation of muscle cells?

A

function = contraction for movement
adaptation:
-protein filaments can slide over each other to cause contraction
-high density of mitochondria for ATP production via respiration

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19
Q

function and adaptations of sperm cells?

A

function = fertilisation of the egg and delivery of the fathers DNA
adaptation:
-head contains haploid nucleus with genetic material
-acrosome contains digestive enzymes to penetrate the egg
-mid piece packed with mitochondria to provide energy for movement
-tail rotates to propel the sperm towards the egg

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20
Q

function and adaptation of root hair cells?

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A

function = absorption of water and mineral ions from the soil
adaptation:
-root hair increases SA to maximise absorption
-thin cell wall reduces diffusion distance
-vacuole contains concentrated cell sap to maintain a water potential gradient
-mitochondria provide ATP for active transport of mineral ions
-no chloroplasts as they are found underground and not exposed to light

21
Q

why do eukaryotic cells become specialised in multicellular organisms?

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A

to carry out specific functions efficiently

22
Q

what is a tissue?

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A

a group of similar specialised cells working together to preform a particular function

23
Q

what is an organ?

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A

a structure made of different tissues working together to perform a specific function

24
Q

which tissue makes up the heart?

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A

muscle, connective and vascular tissues

25
what is an organ system?
a group of organs working together to perform major life function
26
which organ system is the heart apart of?
the circulatory system
27
how do prokaryotic cells compare in size to eukaryotic cells?
prokaryotic cells are much smaller
28
what type of organism is a prokaryote?
bacteria
29
what is different about the cytoplasm of prokaryotes?
it lacks membrane bound organelles
30
what type of ribosomes do prokaryotes have?
smaller 70s ribosomes
31
how is DNA stored in prokaryotic cells?
as a single circular DNA molecule free in the cytoplasm, not associated with proteins and with no nucleus
32
what is the prokaryotic cell wall made of?
murein, a glycoprotein
33
whats always present in a prokaryote?
cell wall, cell surface membrane, cytoplasm, circular DNA, ribosomes
34
whats sometimes present in a prokaryote?
flagellum, capsule, plasmid, pili
35
plasmids?
small circular loops of DNA carry non essential genes can be transferred between prokaryotes
36
slime capsule?
protective outer layer prevents desiccation and helps evade immune system attack
37
flagella?
long rotating tail for motility some bacteria have multiple flagella
38
comparing prokaryotes and eukaryotes
pro vs euk smaller - small but bigger circular DNA with no proteins in cytoplasm - linear DNA associated with histones forming chromosomes divides by binary fission (no spindle involved) - by mitosis or meiosis (involves spindle) 70s ribosomes - 80s ribosomes no membrane bound organelles - membrane bound organelles cell wall made of murein - cell wall made of cellulose or chitin
39
structure of viruses?
envelope protein, capsid, viral genome, enzyme
40
viral genome?
genetic material (RNA or DNA) and can be single or double stranded
41
capsid?
protein coat surrounding genetic material and containing attachment proteins
42
envelope/attachment protein?
bind to receptors on host cells during invasion
43
why are viruses non living?
-non cellular -cannot reproduce -do not grow or respond to stimuli -do not carry out protein synthesis -no metabolic activity
44
nuclear envelope?
double membrane that surrounds nucleus often has ribosomes controls what exits and enters the nucleus
45
nuclear pores?
allow passage of large molecules (e.g. mRNA) out of the nucleus
46
nucleoplasm?
jelly like material that makes up the bulk of the nucleus
47
chromosomes?
consist of protein bound, linear DNA
48
nucleolus?
small region within nucleoplasm manufactures rRNA and assembles ribosomes there may be more than one nucleolus
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