Components of the cell
Centrioles, mitochondria, nucleus, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, cell membrane, rough endoplasmic reticulum, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, nuclear envelope, nuclear pore, ribosomes, cytoskeleton.
What does the cytoskeleton consist of, what are each of them made of, their structure and what are their uses? And size of diameter.
7nm diameter: Microfilaments: cell movement, support and strength, made of protein actin polymers, thin solid strands.
10nm diameter: Microtubules: used as tracks, made of protein tubulin, hollow tubular structure.
18-30nm diameter: Intermediate filaments: used for strength and stability, made of various proteins.
How to organelles work together to produce insulin? (Proteins)
- Mrna copy of the instructions the gene for insulin is made in the nucleus.
- MRNA leaves nucleus through the nuclear pore.
- mRNA attaches to a ribosome attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum ribosome reads instruction to assemble the protein.
- Insulin molecules are pinched in the transport vesicle by rough endoplasmic reticulum and travels towards the Golgi apparatus
- Vesicle fuses with the golgi apparatus
- Gogi apartis processes and packages insulin molecules
- Packaged insulin molecules are pinched in secretion vesicles and moves towards cell surface membrane
- Vesicle fuses with cell surface membrane
- Cell surface membrane opens to release insulin molecules outside
What is undulipodia?
Whip like extensions of eukaryotic cells such as cilia, known as flagella in prokaryotes
What are centrioles
A bundle of microtubules is called a centriole. Two centrioles at right angles to one another is called a centrosome. Spindles form from these which is used during mitosis to pull chromatids apart
Are prokaryotes single-celled or multicellular?, are eukaryotes single-celled or multicellular
Eukaryotes are both, prokaryotes are single cellular
What are two main types of prokaryotes?
Bacteria and blue-green algae
Bacterial cell structure and extra info
Slime capsule (keeps bacteria slippery so it can’t be engulfed by white blood cells) , cell wall ( made of murein) , cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes (70s)(not membrane bound), plasmids, pili (adhesive and used for exchange of genetic material), flagella, nucleoid
Differences between prokaryotes DNA and eukaryotes DNA ? ribosomes differences?
Prokaryotic DNA is circular with extra small circular DNA called plasmids, dna can be passed from one prokaryote to another one. Eukaryotic DNA is linear with no plasmids.
Prokaryotes have smaller ribosomes 70s while eukaryotes have larger ribosomes 80s.
Steps of binary fission
- Circular DNA and plasmids undergo DNA replication
- Parents are divides into two cells
- Two daughter cells contains a single copy of circular DNA molecule and a variable number of plasmids.
Are genetically identical to parent cells minus mutations!
No spindles required.
Magnification and resolution meaning
Magnification- measurement of the number of times larger in image is, compared to its actual size.
Resolution- ability to distinguish two points that are very close together.
Why are electron microscopes not suitable for living specimens
Specimens have to be viewed under a vacuum which requires no oxygen. Therefore organism cannot survive
Magnification for each coloured lens, low power or high power?
Red lens- 4 10=40 X
Yellow lens- 1010=100X
Blue lens- 10*40=400X
First is objective lens
10 is eyepiece lens.
Red is low power.
Yellow and blue is high power.
Total magnification equation
Magnification of eyepiece lens multiplied by magnification of objective lens
Types of microscopes and features of the microscope
-Electron microscope (uses a beam of electrons, used in a vacuum, high resolution, black and white) :
Contains transmission and scanning electron microscopes
(Transmission has a lower magnification, higher resolution and electrons pass through the sample 2D. Scanning has a higher magnification, lower resolution and electrons are bounced off the sample 3D)
-Light microscope (lower resolution and magnification, colour provided, can image live specimen )
-Laser scanning confocal microscope (uses a beam of lasered light, can image live specimen, fluorescent dyes in high resolution)
