Biology > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

(43 cards)

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1
Q

Metric to metric conversions

A
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2
Q

van Leeuwenhoek

A
  • First to observe and describe bacteria
  • Established that some bacterial cells move
  • Viewed human blood, sperm, and pond water with his hand crafted microscopes
  • Worked in late 1600s
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3
Q

Hooke

A
  • Used a microscope to examine a piece of bark
  • Called the little structures “cells”
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4
Q

Schleiden

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  • Discovered that all plants are made of cells
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5
Q

Schwann

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  • Discovered that all animals were made of cells
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6
Q

Virchow

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  • Discovered that both plant and animal cells are produced only by division of preexisting cells
  • “Every cell from a cell”
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7
Q

4 parts to cell theory

A

1) All living things are made of cells. They are the building blocks.
2) Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
3) All cells come from preexisting cells.
4) Cells contain genes, that serve as the instructions for cell function and growth.

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8
Q

Reasons for small cell size: relationship between cell surface area and volume

A
  • A cell needs to obtain adequate nutrients and oxygen, dispose of wastes
  • Size limited by distance materials must diffuse within a cell
  • A small cell has more surface area relative to its cell volume and is more efficient
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9
Q

Plasma (Cell) Membrane

A
  • Controls passage of materials in and out of the cell
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10
Q

Cell Wall

A
  • Provides structure and maintains the cell’s shape
  • Provides skeletal support, surface protection, and binding of cells in tissues
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11
Q

Cytosol

A
  • Cytoplasm not including organelles
  • Helps move materials within the cell
  • Provides support for organelles, gel-like substance
  • Gel-like substance
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12
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Directs the cell’s activities (information center)
  • Chromatin (DNA + proteins) which makes up the cell’s chromosomes
  • DNA is copied within the nucleus prior to cell division
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13
Q

Nucleolus

A
  • Produces ribosomes
  • Made of RNA + proteins
  • Ribosomal RNA is made and assembled with proteins imported from the cytoplasm to make ribosomal subunits
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14
Q

Nuclear membrane/envelope

A
  • A double membrane with pores that allow material to flow in and out of the nucleus (through nuclear pores)
  • It is attached to the ER
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15
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Protein synthesis
  • Synthesized in the nucleolus
  • Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytoplasm
  • Bound ribosomes are attached to the ER or the nuclear envelope
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16
Q

Smooth ER (ex)

A
  • Lacks attached ribosomes
  • Can store enzymes
  • Synthesis of lipids (oils, phospholipids, steroids)
  • Cells of ovaries (synthesize steroid sex hormones)
  • Liver cells (enzymes help process harmful substances)
  • Storage of calcium ions (muscle cells)
  • Near nucleus
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17
Q

Rough ER (ex)

A
  • Modifies/edits proteins made by ribosomes
  • Makes additional membrane for itself and proteins destined for secretion
  • Once proteins are synthesized, they are transported in vesicles to other parts of the endomembrane system
  • Common in cells that make a lot of proteins:
    • White blood cells
    • Pancreatic cells
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18
Q

Golgi Body/Apparatus

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A
  • Consists of flattened sacs stacked on top of each other (few-100s)
  • Modify, package, and distribute substances made by the ER
    • Commonly: addition of short chains of sugar molecules
  • Looks like stack of pita pockets
  • Products travel in transport vesicles from the ER to here
    • One side functions as a receiving dock for the product
    • The other = shipping dock
19
Q

Lysosome

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A
  • Found mostly in animal cells, “recycling centers”, “suicide sacs”
  • Has digestive enzymes enclosed in a membranous sac
  • Break down food, foreign particles, and old organelles in cytoplasm
  • Produced by rER and Golgi
20
Q

Vacuole

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A
  • Membranous sacs, can store water, nutrients, wastes
  • Plants have a central vacuole
    • Helps cell grow in size by absorbing water, can store vital chemicals and waste products
    • Regulates turgor (water pressure)
    • Serves as large lysosome
    • In flower petals: contain pigments
    • May contain poisons that protect plant
  • Contractile vacuoles in some protists expel water from the cell
  • Amoebas have food vacuoles
21
Q

Peroxisomes

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A
  • Sacs containing a variety of enzymes
  • Not part of the endomembrane system but is in various metabolic functions
    • Breakdown of fatty acids to be used as fuel
    • Detoxification of other harmful substances
    • Break down hydrogen peroxide, a toxic byproduct of these metabolic reactions
22
Q

Mitochondria

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A
  • Carry out cellular respiration in most euk. cells
    • Chemical energy of foods (sugar) → ATP
  • Enclosed by 2 membranes
  • Intermembrane space — narrow region between 2 membranes
  • Mitochondrial matrix — contains materials necessary for ATP generation (DNA, ribosomes, enzymes)
  • Inner membrane highly folded, protein molecules that make ATP embedded in it
  • Divides by itself when cell divides
23
Q

Chloroplast

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A
  • The photosynthesizing organelles of plants (and some protists)
    • Light energy → chemical energy of sugar molecules
  • Inner and other membrane
  • Chlorophyll pigment
  • Has its own DNA
  • Stroma – thick fluid containing DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes
  • Thylakoids – network of interconnected sacs
  • Grana – stacks of thylakoids, sites where the green chlorophyll molecules embedded in their membranes trap solar energy
24
Q

Plastids (ex)

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A
  • Storage of food or pigment
  • ex. Chloroplasts, (contains chlorophyll) Leucoplasts (store starch), Chromoplasts (store pigments)
    *
25
MTOC
* Mirco-tubule Organizing Center * Area in cell where microtubules are made * Involved in formation of spindle fibers in euk. cell division * Helps with formation of euk. flagella and cilia * In animal cells, contains a pair of **centrioles** and is called the centrosome: * Helps in formation of spindle fibers in euk. cell division AND in formation of euk. flagella and cilia
26
Cytoskeleton
* Network of protein fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm of the cell * Structural support and cell motility * Motility and cellular regulation result when the cytoskeleton interacts with proteins called motor proteins * Three main kinds: * Microfilaments * Microtubules * Intermediate filaments
27
Microfilaments
* Long thin actin protein fibers * Aid in cytoplasmic streaming (movement of cytoplasm) * Muscle contraction
28
Intermediate filaments
* Fibrous proteins -- ropelike structure * Reinforce cytoskeleton (cell shape and anchor certain organelles) * More permanent * Ex: outer layer of skin - dead skin cells
29
Microtubules
* Straight, hollow tubes composed of globular proteins called tubulins * Shape and support the cell * Aid in movement of organelles and entire cell * Act as tracks for organelles equipped with motor proteins (ex. lysosomes to reach food vacuole) * Form centrioles, cilia, and flagella
30
Flagella (ex)
* Attached to cell surface * Locomotion in single-celled organism * Ex: sperm, some protists and some bacteria
31
Cilia (ex)
* Attached to cell surface * Push materials over cell surface * Ex: cells lining the respiratory tract (trachea, bronchi) * Allow cells to sense what is in its environment * Ex: paramecium
32
Why are euk. cells so compartmentalized? What is the adv. to prok. simplicity?
-Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized to better allow for better conditions for reactions to occur -
33
How do cell organelles/structures work together? Which structures have related functions?
1) Manufacturing ➡ Nucleus, ribosomes, rough ER, smooth ER, golgi apparatus 2) Breakdown ➡ Lysosomes, vacuoles, and peroxisomes 3) Energy processing ➡ Mitochondria and chloroplasts 4) Support, Movement, and Communication Between Cells ➡ Cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix, cell junctions, and cell walls
34
Differences between Plant and Animal cells
* **Shape** * _Plant_: rectangular * _Animal_: rounded * **Location of nucleus****​** * _Plant_: pushed to side by central vacuole * _Animal_: center of cell * **Vacuole** * _Plant_: large central vacuole * _Animal_: small vacuoles * **Cell wall** * _Plant_: yes (cellulose) * _Animal_: no * **Chloroplasts** * _Plant_: yes (stem/leaf) * _Animal_: no * **Centrioles** * _Plant_: no, but MTOC * _Animal_: yes * **Flagella** * _Plant_: not usually * _Animal_: yes, some (if single-celled)
35
What are primary and secondary endosymbiosis? Evidence for each?
* Primary endosymbiosis is when a cell engulfs another organelle * Evidence: secondary membrane on mitochondria and chloroplast * Secondary endosymbiosis is when a living cell engulfs another eukaryotic cell that has already undergone primary endosymbiosis *
36
Who was Lynn Margulis and how was she a revolutionary scientist?
* Developed the hypothesis of endosymbiosis, professor at Boston University * Her evidence: * Mitochondria and chloroplasts have DNA, and it is similar to prokaryotic DNA * They have their own ribosomes, similar to prokaryotic ribosomes * They self replicate, no other structures in cells can do. * Has a double membrane, inner is prokaryotic membrane and outer is a cell vacuole
37
What are membranous organelles?
* Organelles that have a membrane surrounding them * Nucleus, ER, Golgi apparatus, chloroplast, mitochondria, lysosome
38
What organelles can be found in prokaryotes?
* Pili, nucleoid, ribosomes, plasma membrane, cell wall, capsule, flagella, and bacterial chromosomes.
39
Prokaryotic cells
* No nuclei * Have "naked" DNA found free in cytoplasm * Have cell membranes, bacterial cell walls, and ribosomes * Some also have protective sticky capsule, grasping pili, and/or propelling prokaryotic flagella
40
Endomembrane system
* Synthesis, storage, and export of molecules * Nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the plasma membrane
41
Path of proteins
*
42
What three features do all organisms share?
1) Have cells (enclosed by membrane) 2) DNA (genetic material) 3) Carrying out metabolism
43
Eukaryotic cells
* Have nuclei * Have membrane-bound organelles * All these organelles are separate compartments in the cell * Compartments allow each organelle to have its own specialized job/role
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