the bacterial cell
cytoplasm surrounded by envelope; cytoplasm contains DNA in nucleoid; envelope has lipid membrane boundary and structural wall
Gram-positive bacterial cell
cellular membrane
cell wall – thick
Gram-negative bacterial cell
cellular membrane
cell wall
periplasm
outer membrane
lipopolysaccharides
breaking open cells
lysis
Svedburg coefficient
non-metric unit for sedimentation rate, not additive
gel chromatography/gel electrophoresis
separates particles via chemical properties
2-D PAGE dimensions
first – isoelectric focusing
second – gel electrophoresis
techniques to determine precise atomic structure
X-ray, NMR
technique that shows biological function
genetic analysis
fluid mosaic model
membrane is not static, membrane is a mosaic, immunofluorescence assay showed this
immunofluorescence assay
two different fluorescently labeled cells mixed, electric current applied
osmosis
most cells maintain a higher solute concentration inside the cell that outside; water will tend to diffuse across the membrane into the cell; resulting pressure on the cell membrane is called osmotic pressure
transport across membrane
osmosis, passive diffusion, passive transport, active transport
ATP synthase
F0 - outside, F1 - insidex
active transport systems
simple transport, group translocation (major focus, the ABC system
types of transporters
uniporter (one), antiporter (two, opposite), symporter (two, same)
sugar transport
group translocation
sugar transport
- requires energy
- does not move against the gradient
- thus not active transport
hopanoids
reinforce the membrane, sterols serve a similar function in eukaryotes, appearance of hopanoids in geological sediments indicates ancient bacterial composition (astrobiology)
ether lipids - __, esters lipids - __
archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes
osmosis,
