GENERAL BIOLOGY > Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

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1
Q
  • Spherical or oval shape
  • Controls most cell processes
  • Brain or center of the cell
A

Nucleus

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2
Q
  • Contains the hereditary information of the cell
    (DNA in the form of chromatin) (chromosomes (made of DNA))(only in eukaryotic cell)
A

Nucleus

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3
Q

contains the blueprint to;
* replicate cell
* how to synthesize protein
* how to transcribe DNA
* RNA

A

DNA

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4
Q

-carries the message of a particular protein from nucleus to the ribosomes.

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

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5
Q

-brings specific amino acids to the ribosome

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

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6
Q

-Molecule in cells Involved in the formation of ribosomes, the organelle, which facilitate the translation

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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7
Q
  • consist of 2 layers
    outer layer has the
    interaction in the external
    part of nucleus. Contains
    ribosomes.
  • Inner layer contains a
    protein called lamin.
A

Nuclear envelope

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8
Q

Protein that binds with
histone protein during cell
division.

-also provides
structural function and transcriptional regulation
in the cell. It also interacts with chromatin and
gives structure to the nuclear envelope.

A

Lamin

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9
Q

-an extremely
rare, progressive genetic disorder that causes
children to age rapidly, starting in their first two
years of life.

A

Progeria

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10
Q

Gateway or passageway for ion, nucleotide,
proteins and others to get in, as well as materials
from the internal environment from the nucleus
would get out.
-Used for transportation of
materials from the nucleus to cytoplasm

A

Nuclear Pores

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11
Q

jelly like fluid in the cell; outside the nucleus

A

cytoplasm

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12
Q
  • A semi-fluid substance within the nucleus which
    contains number of enzymes which help in the
    synthesis and functioning of DNA
    (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic
    Acid)
A

Nucleoplasm

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13
Q
  • Is the site for ribosome synthesis, rRNA (to be
    attached to protein to make ribosome)
A

Nucleolus

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14
Q

Type of chromatin
– tight, closer to the inner
membrane, inaccessible to protein during
gene expression, does not involve incrossing over.

A

Heterochromatin

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15
Q

Type of chromatin
– loose, more on expression of
DNA. Makes the mRNA. Active in
transcription process (more in the center of
the nucleus). More on gene expression and
involve in crossing over

A

Euchromatin

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16
Q
  • Responsible for synthesizing lipids, such as
    steroids, fatty acid
  • assists in transport of macromolecules
  • assembles and repairs the cell membrane.
A

Smooth ER

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17
Q

Enzyme used for detoxification

A

CYP450 (cytochrome P450)

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18
Q

It is when the body doesn’t have enough of an enzyme called G6PD (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase)

A

G6PD Defficiency

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19
Q
  • Contains ribosomes which make proteins
  • Consist of tubes and flattened sacs called
    cisternae
  • ER folds the synthesized proteins (proteins
    must be properly folded)
A

Rough ER

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20
Q

process of adding glucose to Nitrogen

A

N-type Glycosylation

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21
Q
  • Receives vesicle from Rough or Smooth
    endoplasmic reticulum
  • Modify, sort and
    package proteins and other
    materials the ER for
    storage in the cell or
    release from the cell
A

Golgi Apparatus

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22
Q

process where glucose molecule is added to oxygen

A

O-type Glycosylation

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23
Q

Process where phosphate is added to proteins

A

Phosphorylation

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24
Q

Protein will undergo ____________ whithin the rough ER

A

Protein Folding

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25
- Regulates the entrance and exit of molecules into and out of the cell
Cell membrane/ Plasma Membrane
26
a type of membrane that has a very thin layer of protein and fat. It allows only selective substances to pass through it.
Selectively permeable membrane
27
Facilitated diffusion and Vesicular Transport
Simple diffusion
28
A Phospholipid bilayer contains two parts;
-Hydrophilic Polar Heads (loves water) -Hydrophobic non polar tails (hates water)
29
responsible for fluidity within the plasma membrane
Cholesterol
30
Two types of protein that are responsible for transportation of molecules or materials from internal environment towards external environment and vice versa
-Integral protein -Peripheral protein
31
- Responsible for protein synthesis - Composed of 70% protein, some are RNA - Composed of two sub-unit * Large sub-unit * Small sub-unit - Being synthesize within the nucleolus and would pass through the nuclear pores, so it will get out of the nucleus
Ribosomes
32
A type of ribosome that attaches to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Bound Ribosomes
33
A type of ribosome that synthesizes proteins that are released into the cytosol and used within the cell.
Free Ribosomes
34
-Cell’s recycle center - Where intracellular digestion takes place - breaks down macromolecules
Lysosome
35
Removal of worn out organelle (redundant cell)
Autophagy
36
Process of eating or recycling the damage cells
Autolysis
37
Hydrolytic Enzyme that breaks down proteins
Protease
38
Hydrolytic Enzyme that breaks down nucleic acids
Nuclease
39
Hydrolytic Enzyme that breaks down glucose/carbohydrates
Glucosidase
40
Hydrolytic Enzyme that breaks down lipids
Lipase
41
- Free radical scavengers - Contains catalytic enzyme (catalase), ability to convert molecules to a safe molecule
Peroxisome
42
- Power house of the cell - Burns glucose to release energy - Stores energy as ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - Cristae are found in mitochondria and are a fold (ridges) in their inner membrane
Mitochondira
43
houses the mitochondrial DNA and where metabolic reaction occurs (to synthesize ATP through oxidative phosphorylation enzymes)
Mitochondrial matrix
44
- Scattered or all around the cell - Provides structure and support, intracellular transportation, contractility and motility and spatial organization
Cytoskeleton
45
- contains myosin and actin -responsible for cytokinesis (a cleavage being formed within the parental cells that enables separation) of mitosis - makes the constriction ring for it will facilitate the division in mitosis
Microfilament
46
the ability of the WBC to patch when there’s a wound, to blood cloth
diapedesis
47
Two proteins responsible for muscle’s contraction and relaxation
myosin and actin
48
- act as an anchor for cell to cell or cell to organelle - provides support to the plasma membrane and help form desmosome - can also be found in centrosome (near the nucleus)
Intermediate filaments
49
- rod like - directs the mitotic spindle - determines the shape of the cell and distribution of organelles
Microtubules
50
- is the fluid (jelly like) substance inside of a cell made up mainly of water (70% water) - includes everything inside of the cell membrane except for the nucleus -acts as a medium for most chemical activities of the cell to occur - contains enzymes and organelles
Cytoplasm
51
- is the watery portion of the cytoplasm that all the organelles float in
Cytosol
52
-Green pigment (Chloropyll) -There is also a presence of lamellae -Contains starch granules and serve as atemporary storage of the intermediate product of photosynthesis
Chloroplast
53
Pigment rich, contains carotenoid, which gives fruit, flowers and leaves (orange, red and yellow)
Chromoplast
54
Non color plastid It functions as storage of nutrients like starch, oil and protein granules
Leucoplast
55
Type of plastid that stores oil
Elaioplast
56
Type of plastid that is found in the roots
Amyloplast
57
Type of plastid that stores proteins
Aleuroplast
58
- Is the storage structure in a cell (contains tannin) - It can hold food for later use or waste removal and pigment deposition
Vacuole
59
Poisonous toxin that serves as a plant's defense mechanism
Tannin
60
- Provides rigidity and provides structural support to a plant cell - Compose of cellulose
Cell wall
61
The creation of DNA from DNA
Replication
62
The creation of RNA from DNA
Transcription
GENERAL BIOLOGY
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