Cell Structure and Function

Question 1

Smallest living unit
•Most are microscopic

Answer 1

Cells

Question 2

He saw a “row of empty boxes” and observed in a silver of cork.

Answer 2

Robert Hooke (mid-1600s)

Question 3

He said “all living things are made of cells”

Answer 3

Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden (1839)

Question 4

He said “all cells come from cells”

Answer 4

Rudolf Virchow

Question 5

Total surface area of a cell

Answer 5

24 cm^2

Question 6

Total volume of a cell

Answer 6

8cm^3

Question 7

Surface area/volume of a cell

Answer 7

24/8 = 3:1

Question 8

cell contents in thick fluid

Answer 8

Protoplasm

Question 9

structures for cell function

Answer 9

Organelles

Question 10

Control center with DNA

Answer 10

Cell

Question 11

Types of Cells

Answer 11

Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic

Question 12

First cell type on earth
•Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea

Answer 12

Prokaryotic Cells

Question 13

1. No membrane bound nucleus
2. Organelles not bound by membranes

Answer 13

Prokaryotic Cells

Question 14

region of DNA concentration

Answer 14

Nucleiod

Question 15

Nucleus bound by membrane
•Include fungi, protists, plant, and animal cells
•Possess many organelles

Answer 15

Eukaryotic Cells

Question 16

Cellular machinery
•Two general kinds
–Derived from membranes
–Bacteria-like organelles

Answer 16

Organelles

Question 17

Derived from symbiotic bacteria
•Ancient association

Answer 17

Bacteria-Like Organelles

Question 18

Evolution of modern cells from cells & symbiotic bacteria

Answer 18

Endosymbiotic Theory

Question 19

Contains cell contents
•Double layer of phospholipids & proteins

Answer 19

Plasma Membrane

Question 20

Polar
–Hydrophylic head
–Hydrophobic tail

•Interacts with water

Answer 20

Phospholipids

Question 21

Molecules that could move freely across the plasma membrane

Answer 21

Water Ammonia
Carbon Dioxide. Oxygen

Question 22

describes fluid nature of a lipid bilayer with proteins

Answer 22

Fluid Mosaic Model

Question 23

Move molecules in one direction

Answer 23

Channels or transporters

Question 24

Recognize certain chemicals

Answer 24

Receptors

Question 25

Identify cell type

Answer 25

Glycoproteins

Question 26

Catalyze production of substances

Answer 26

Enzymes

Question 27

Found in plants, fungi, & many protists •Surrounds plasma membrane

Answer 27

Cell Walls

Question 28

This cell wall is mostly cellulose

Answer 28

Plants

Question 29

This cell wall contains **chitin**

Answer 29

Fungi

Question 30

**Viscous fluid** containing organelles

Answer 30

Cytoplasm

Question 31

Components of Cytoplasm

Answer 31

1. Interconnected filaments & fibers 2. Fluid = Cytosol 3. Organelles (not nucleus) 4. Storage substances

Question 32

Filaments & fibers of the cell

Answer 32

Cytoskeleton

Question 33

The cytoskeleton is made of 3 fiber types

Answer 33

1. Microfilaments 2. Microtubules 3. Intermediate Filaments

Question 34

3 functions of Cytoskeleton

Answer 34

mechanical support – anchor organelles – help move substances

Question 35

Provides motility Basal bodies like centrioles

Answer 35

Cilia and Flagella

Question 36

-Short –Used to move substances outside human cells

Answer 36

Cilia

Question 37

Whip-like extensions –Found on sperm cells

Answer 37

Flagella

Question 38

Bundles of microtubules •With plasma membrane

Answer 38

Structure of Cilia and Flagella

Question 39

**Separates nucleus from rest of cell** •Double membrane •Has pores

Answer 39

Nuclear Envelope

Question 40

Pairs of microtubular structures •**Play a role in cell division**

Answer 40

Centrioles

Question 41

**Functional components within cytoplasm** •Bound by membranes

Answer 41

Membranous Organelles

Question 42

**Control center of cell** •Double membrane •**Contains** –Chromosomes –Nucleolus

Answer 42

Nucleus

Question 43

Hereditary material of the cell

Answer 43

DNA

Question 44

Chromosomes in the cell

Answer 44

1. DNA 2. Proteins 3. Form for cell division

Question 45

Most cells have 2 or more •**Directs synthesis of RNA** •**Forms ribosomes**

Answer 45

Nucleolus

Question 46

Helps move substances within cells •**Network of interconnected membranes**

Answer 46

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 47

Two types of the ER

Answer 47

Rough ER Smooth ER

Question 48

Ribosomes attached to surface –Manufacture protiens –Not all ribosomes attaches to it •May **modify proteins** from ribosomes

Answer 48

Rough ER

Question 49

No attached ribosomes •Has enzymes that help build molecules –Carbohydrates –**Lipids**

Answer 49

Smooth ER

Question 50

Involved in **synthesis of plant cell wall** •**Packaging** & shipping station of cell

Answer 50

Golgi Apparatus

Question 51

Contain digestive enzymes •Functions –Aid in cell renewal –Break down old cell parts –Digests invaders

Answer 51

Lysosomes

Question 52

Membrane bound **storage sacs** •**More common in plants** than animals •Contents –Water –Food –wastes

Answer 52

Vacuoles

Question 53

Release & store energy

Answer 53

Bacteria-Like Organelles

Question 54

Types of Bacteria like Organelles

Answer 54

Mitochondria (Release Energy) Chloroplasts (Store energy)

Question 55

Have their own DNA •Bound by double membrane

Answer 55

Mitochondria

Question 56

Break down fuel molecules (cellular respiration) –Glucose –Fatty acids •Release energy –ATP

Answer 56

Mitochondria

Question 57

Derived form photosynthetic bacteria •**Solar energy capturing organelle**

Answer 57

Chloroplasts

Question 58

Takes place in the chloroplast •Makes cellular food – glucose

Answer 58

Photosynthesis

Question 59

This transport does not need energy

Answer 59

Passive Transport

Question 60

differences in concentration, pressure, charge

Answer 60

Move due to gradient

Question 61

High moves toward low

Answer 61

Move to equalize gradient

Question 62

Types of passive transport

Answer 62

1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis 3. Facilitated Diffusion

Question 63

Molecules move to equalize concentration

Answer 63

Diffusion

Question 64

Special form of diffusion •Fluid flows from lower solute concentration •Often involves movement of water –Into cell –Out of cell

Answer 64

Osmosis

Question 65

Solutes in cell more than outside –Outside solvent will flow into cell

Answer 65

Hypotonic

Question 66

Solutes equal inside & out of cell

Answer 66

Isotonic

Question 67

Solutes greater outside cell –Fluid will flow out of cell

Answer 67

Hypertonic

Question 68

Differentially permeable membrane •Channels (are specific) help molecule or ions enter or leave the cell

Answer 68

Facilitated Diffusion

Question 69

Channels usually are transport proteins (aquaporins facilitate the movement of water) •No energy is used

Answer 69

Facilitated Diffusion

Question 70

Movement of large material –Particles –Organisms –Large molecules

Answer 70

Endocytosis

Question 71

Movement is into cells • Types of endocytosis – bulk-phase (nonspecific) – receptor-mediated (specific)

Answer 71

Endocytosis

Question 72

cell eating

Answer 72

Phagocytosis

Question 73

Cell drinking

Answer 73

Pinocytosis

Question 74

Reverse of endocytosis •Cell discharges material

Answer 74

Exocytosis

Question 75

Vesicle moves to cell surface •Membrane of vesicle fuses •Materials expelled

Answer 75

Exocytosis