Cell Structure and Function

Question 1

What are the 4 processes of life?

Answer 1

1. growth
2. reproduction
3. responsiveness
4. metabolism

Question 2

Prokaryotes -

1. Does it have a nucleus?
2. Does it have internal membrane-bound organelles?
3. ___ DNA
4. size?
5. ___ structure
6. Composed of ?

Answer 2

1. No
2. No
3. circular
4. smaller
5. simple
6. bacteria and archaea

Question 3

Eukaryotes -

1. Does it have a nucleus?
2. Does it have internal membrane-bound organelles?
3. ___ DNA
4. size?
5. ___ structure
6. Composed of ?

Answer 3

1. Yes
2. Yes
3. Linear
4. Larger
5. complex
6. algae, protozoa, fungi, animals, and plants

Question 4

What is the single most distinguishing factor b/w Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

Answer 4

Nucleus

Question 5

What are glycocalyces and what are they composed of?

Answer 5

gelatinous, sticky substance surrounding the outside of the cell, polysaccharides, polypeptides, or both

Question 6

What are the two types of glycocalyces?

Answer 6

Capsule and Slime layer

Question 7

Capsule - ___ attachment to cell surface, allows or prevents ___

Answer 7

firm, may prevent bacteria from being recognized by host

Question 8

Slime Layer - __ attachment to cell surface, allows or prevents ___

Answer 8

loose, sticky layer allows prokaryotes to attach to surfaces

Question 9

Explain the presence of bacteria cell walls

Answer 9

most bacteria have a cell wall, but some do NOT

Question 10

Bacteria cell wall provide what three things?
They also assist in some cells attaching to other cells or in ___.
Give bacterial cells ___.
Composed of ___.
MC types of bacterial cells walls include ?

Answer 10

Structure, shape, and protect cell from osmotic forces
Resisting antimicrobial drugs
Characteristic shapes
Peptidoglycan
Gram (+) and (-)

Question 11

How many total bacterial cells walls are there?

Answer 11

4

Question 12

Which cellular structure is important in classifying a bacterium as gram (+) or (-)?

Answer 12

Cell wall (thick or thin)

Question 13

Bacterial Gram (+) Cell walls - ___ layer of peptidoglycan, contain ___, color after staining?

Answer 13

thick, teichoic acids, purple

Question 14

Prokaryotic Gram (-) cell walls - ___ layer of peptidoglycan, ___ membrane contains (3), color after staining

Answer 14

thin, bilayer, phospholipids, proteins, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), red

Question 15

LPS - ___ (potent endotoxin) - dead cells release Lipid A which may trigger fever, vasodialation, inflammation, shock, and blood clotting

Answer 15

Lipid A

Question 16

Passive Process - 3 ways of crossing the cytoplasmic membrane, Does it use energy?

Answer 16

1. Diffusion (lipid solubility or very small)
2. Facilitated diffusion
3. Osmosis (water only)
   NO

Question 17

Active Process - 2 ways of crossing the cytoplasmic membrane, Does it use energy

Answer 17

1. Active transport
2. Group Translocation
   Yes (ATP)

Question 18

Explain group translocation

Answer 18

substance chemically modified during transport

Ex. glucose passes thru cell memb., picks up P, is trapped, take away P to make ATP

Question 19

Osmosis - low solute = ___, High solute = ___, flow is from ___ to ___

Answer 19

dilute, concentrated, low to high

Question 20

Explain isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions

Answer 20

Isotonic - happy balance
Hypertonic - water leaves the cell
Hypotonic - cell swells

Question 21

What is the proper name for dehydration of a cell?

Answer 21

Crenation

Question 22

What does sodium do in the body?

Answer 22

Keeps cells from absorbing too much water and exploding

Question 23

Cytoplasm of Bacteria -

1. List the two subtypes?
2. Inclusions: may include ___, stored when nutrients are in ___, used when nutrients are ___
3. Endospores: unique structures produced by ___ that ___, Only produced by organism in (2)

Answer 23

1. inclusions and endospores
2. reserve deposits of chemicals, abundance, scarce
3. some bacteria, are a defensive strategy against unfavorable conditions, Genus Bacillus and Clostridium

Question 24

1. Typical bacteria cell (w/ cell wall) which has a solute concentration of 0.85% NaCl, is placed into a tube containing a solution that has a 0.2% NaCl concentration what type of solution?
2. What will happen to the cell?

Answer 24

1. hypotonic

2. it will gain water but not burst (has wall), if it is like a human cell (no cell wall) it will burst

Question 25

Cytoplasm of Prokaryotes - Ribosomes 1. sites of ___ 2. size is expressed in ___ 3. Prokaryotic ribosomes are ___ 4. composed of what two subunits

Answer 25

1. synthesis 2. Svedbergs (S) 3. 70S 4. 30S and 50S

Question 26

Eukaryotic Cytoplasmic Membranes - 1. List three Passive processes 2. List three active processes 3. Define endocytosis, what do they form 4. define phagocytosis and pinocytosis 5. define exocytosis

Answer 26

1. diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis 2. active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis 3. physical manipulation of cytoplasmic membrane around cytoskeleton, pseudopodia 4. solid imported into cell, liquid imported into cell 5. substances exported from cell

Question 27

Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes - Ribosomes 1. ___ than prokaryotic ribosomes ___ 2. composed of what two subunits? 3. BUT: __ and ___ have ___ ribosomes!!!!!!!!!!!

Answer 27

1. larger, 80S 2. 60S and 40S 3. miitochondria and chloroplasts, 70S