1
Q
- Sites of ribosome assembly
- Dense non-membranous mass where RNA is synthesized
- Location for the components found in ribosomes
A
Nucleolus
2
Q
Most cells are composed of four elements:
A
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen
3
Q
- Scattered throughout the nucleus and present when the cell is not dividing
- Condenses to form dense, rodlike bodies called chromosomes when the cell divides
A
Chromatin
4
Q
3 main regions of cells
C, N, P
A
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
- Plasma membrane
5
Q
The Plasma Membrane is also called
A
plasmalemma
6
Q
needed for building proteins and necessary for cell reproduction
A
DNA
7
Q
The activity of an organism depends on the _____ of its cells
A
collective activities
8
Q
“water loving” polar “heads” are oriented on the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane
A
Hydrophilic
9
Q
- Contains cell contents
- Separates cell contents from the environment
- forms the outer boundary of the cell
A
The Plasma Membrane
10
Q
is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms
A
cell
11
Q
3 regions of Nucleus: CNN
A
- Nuclear envelope (membrane)
- Nucleolus
- Chromatin
12
Q
___ and ___ scattered among the phospholipids; it determines the fluidity of the plasma membrane
A
Cholesterol and proteins
13
Q
the model that is constructed of 2 layers of phospholipids arranged “tail to tail”
A
Fluid mosaic model
14
Q
- Control center of the cell
* Site where the genetic material is stored
A
Nucleus
15
Q
“water-fearing” nonpolar “tails” form the center (interior) of the membrane
Makes the plasma membrane relatively impermeable to most water-soluble molecules
A
Hydrophobic
16
Q
Nuclear envelope encloses the jellylike fluid
A
nucleoplasm
17
Q
Selective impermeable to maintains the ____
A
homeostasis
18
Q
• Fluid mosaic model is constructed of _____ arranged “tail to tail”
A
2 layers of phospholipids
19
Q
- Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
- Consists of a double membrane that bounds the nucleus
- Contains nucleopores which are a potential passageway for the exchange of substances
A
Nuclear envelope (membrane)
20
Q
Classification of proteins that act as transporters or receptors.
A
Peripheral proteins
21
Q
Responsible for specialized membrane functions: ERT
A
o Enzymes
o Receptors for hormones or other chemical messengers
o Transport as channels or carriers
22
Q
Depending on Protein position it can be classified as:
Pp, Ip
A
Peripheral proteins
Integral proteins
23
Q
Classification of proteins that act as cytoskeleton anchors or enzymes
A
Integral proteins
24
Q
made ribosome
A
Protein
25
The Carbohydrates consist of _____ and _____ which form a glycocalyx
glycolipids and glycoproteins
26
filmy covering is
glycocalyx
27
* The cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane
* The portion of the cell located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
* Site of most cellular activities
Cytoplasm
28
are branched sugars attached to proteins that abut the extracellular space
Glycoproteins
29
is the fuzzy, sticky, sugar-rich area on the cell’s surface
Glycocalyx
30
3 major components of the Cytoplasm (CIO)
Cytosol
Inclusions
Organelles
31
Chemical substances that float in the cytosol
Inclusions
32
The fluid that suspends other elements and contains nutrients and electrolytes
Cytosol
33
Metabolic machinery of the cell that performs functions for the cell
Organelles
34
folds created by the inner membrane
cristae
35
inside the mitochondria created by the inner membrane
matrix
36
* “Powerhouses” of the cell
| * Responsible for the ATP production via cell respiration
Mitochondria
37
• Sites of protein synthesis in the cell
Ribosomes
38
Ribosomes can be found at two locations:
free-floating in cytoplasm
| part of RER
39
* Fluid-filled tunnels (or canals) that carry substances within the cell
* Continuous with the nuclear membrane
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
40
Two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum:
* Rough endoplasmic reticulum
| * Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
41
In RER,
• _____ is attached
• ____ vesicles move proteins within the cell
Ribosomes
Transport
42
arrange order:
1 - Protein is packaged in a tiny membranous sac transport vesicle
2 - As the protein synthesize at the ribosome, it migrates to the RER tunnel system.
3- The transport vesicle buds from the RER and travels to the golgi apparatus for processing
4 - In the tunnel, the protein folds into its functional shape. Short sugar chains may be attached to the protein that forms glycoprotein
2, 4, 1, 3
43
* Modifies and packages proteins arriving from the rough ER via transport vesicles
* Produces different types of packages
Golgi apparatus
44
Protein assembly
| Transport vesicles move proteins within cell
RER
45
In SER,
• ____ ribosomes
• Functions in ______
lacks
| lipid metabolism
46
Detoxification and Lipid production
SER
47
Golgi apparatus different types of packages (SIL)
o Secretory vesicles (pathway 1)
o In-house proteins and lipids (pathway 2)
o Lysosomes (pathway 3)
48
• Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes
Peroxisomes
49
cell drinking
Pinocytosis
50
* Membranous “bags” that contain digestive enzymes
| * House phagocytes that dispose of bacteria and cell debris
Lysosomes
51
* Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm
* Provides the cell with an internal framework that determines cell shape, supports organelles, and provides the machinery for intracellular transport
Cytoskeleton
52
cell eating
Phagocytes
53
3 different types of elements form the cytoskeleton: MIM
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
54
the middle type of element of the cytoskeleton
| form purple network surrounding pink nucleus
Intermediate filaments
55
Cytoskeleton provides the cell with an ______ that determines cell shape, supports organelles, and provides the machinery for intracellular transport
internal framework
56
* Generate microtubules
| * Direct the formation of mitotic spindle during cell division
Centrioles
57
the largest type of element of the cytoskeleton
| form blue batlike network
Microfilaments
58
the smallest type of element of the cytoskeleton
| appear as gold networks surrounding cell pink nucleus
Microtubules
59
move materials across the cell surface
Cilia
60
propel the cell and speeding up the sperm
Flagella
61
are tiny, fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane
| Strengthen the surface area that is needed for absorption
Microvilli
62
red blood cell
Erythrocyte
63
Cilia are located in the respiratory system(lungs) to move _________
mucus
64
platelets
Thrombocytes
65
white blood cells
Leukocytes
66
Carries oxygen in the bloodstream
Erythrocyte (red blood cell)
67
Secretes cable-like fibers
Fibroblast
68
Cells responsible for moving organs and body parts
Skeletal muscle and smooth muscle cells
69
Cells that cover and line body organs
Epithelial cell
70
Cells that stores nutrients
Fat cells
71
Cell that fights disease
Leukocytes (wbc)
72
Cell that gathers information and controls body functions
Nerve cell (neuron)
73
* Largest cell in the body
| * Divides to become an embryo upon fertilization
Oocyte (female)
74
* Built for swimming to the egg for fertilization
| * Flagellum acts as a motile whip
Sperm (male)
75
Where does fertilization occur?
fallopian tube then to uterus
76
What if it stays in the fallopian tube?
Abnormality, ectopic pregnancy.
77
• Homogeneous mixture of two or more components
Solution
78
dissolving
| present in the larger quantity
Solvent
79
components in smaller quantities within a solution
| being dissolve
Solutes
80
the body’s main solvent is ______
water
81
* Inside the cell
| * Solution containing gases, nutrients, and salts dissolved in water
Intracellular fluid
82
* Outside the cell
* Fluid on the exterior of the cell
* Contains thousands of ingredients, such as nutrients, hormones, neurotransmitters, salts, waste products
Extracellular fluid (interstitial fluid)
83
2 basic methods of transport (PA)
Passive processes
| Active processes
84
move across the membrane
| no need metabolic energy
Passive processes
85
the cell provides the metabolic energy (ATP) to drive the transport process
needs ATP
Active processes
86
* movement is from high concentration to low concentration
| * Movement of solute
Diffusion
87
* An unassisted process
| * Solutes are lipid-soluble or small enough to pass through membrane pores
Simple diffusion
88
• Movement of water
Osmosis
89
same solute and water concentrations
Isotonic
90
contain more solutes than the cells do
(cell shrinking)
Lesser solute
Hypertonic
91
contain fewer solutes
(cell bursting)
Greater solute, Lesser water
Hypotonic
92
• Transports lipid-insoluble and large substances
Facilitated diffusion
93
High to low but pressure is involved.
• A pressure gradient must exist that pushes solute-containing fluid (filtrate) from a high-pressure area to a lower-pressure area
Filtration
94
Diffusion movement of _______
Osmosis movement of ________
Filtration ____
solute
solvent
pressure
95
* ATP is used to move substances across a membrane
| * Low to high
Active processes
96
ATP energizes _____
solute pumps
97
Active transport example: SP
sodium-potassium
98
transported out of the cell
| extracellular fluid ECF
Sodium
99
transported into the cell
| intracellular ICF
Potassium
100
PISO means
Potassium inside; Sodium Outside
101
Where sodium goes, ____
water follows
102
substances are moved across the membrane “in bulk” without actually crossing the plasma membrane
Vesicular transport
103
out the cell
| Mechanism cells use to actively secrete hormones, mucus, and other products
Exocytosis
104
in the cell
Extracellular substances are enclosed (engulfed) in a membranous vesicle
Everything happens inside the cell
Endocytosis
105
Types of endocytosis PPR
1. Phagocytosis
2. Pinocytosis
3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
106
“cell eating”
| a protective mechanism, not a means of getting nutrients
Phagocytosis
107
“cell drinking”
Cell “gulps” droplets of extracellular fluid containing dissolved proteins or fats
Pinocytosis
108
Receptor proteins on the membrane surface bind only certain substances
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
ANAPHY
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