Cells

Question 1

branch of science concerned with the chemical and physico-chemical processes which occur within living organisms

Answer 1

Biochemistry

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study of the chemistry of life processes.

Answer 2

Biochemistry

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is the application of chemistry to the study of biological processes at the cellular and molecular level.

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Biochemistry

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Why study Biochemistry

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• Lead us to a fundamental understanding of life.
• Profound impact on our understanding of medicine, health, nutrition, and the environment.
• Biotechnology
• Living processes contains thousands of chemical rxns. Precise regulation and integration of these rxns are required to maintain life
• Certain important rxns E.g. Glycolysis is found in almost all organisms.
• All organisms use the same type of molecules: CHO, proteins, lipids & nucleic acids.
• Instructions for growth, reproduction and developments for each organism is encoded in their DNA

Question 5

• Basic building blocks of life
• Smallest living unit of an organism
• Grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, respond
  to their environment
• Many cannot be seen with the naked eye

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Cells

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Basic Cell Structures

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Nucleus, Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm

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outer boundary control center

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Membrane

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stuff between membrane & nucleus

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Cytoplasm

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Cells within the same organism show Enormous Diversity in:

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–Size
–Shape
–Internal Organization

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largest cell in the human body; seen without the aid of a microscope

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female egg

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Cells are small for 2 Reasons

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• Limited in size by the RATIO between their Outer Surface Area and Their Volume.
  A small cell has more SURFACE AREA than a large cell for a GIVEN VOLUME OF CYTOPLASM
• THE CELL’S NUCLEUS (THE BRAIN) CAN ONLY CONTROL A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF LIVING, ACTIVE CYTOPLASM.

Question 12

Diversity of form reflects a diversity of function.

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Cell Shape

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the shape of a cell depends on its

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function

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Two Basic Cell Types

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Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

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lacks internal structures surrounded by membranes.

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Prokaryotic

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Has a cell membrane & a cell wall

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Prokaryotic

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Has NO nucleus.

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Prokaryotic

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Usually Unicellular organisms

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Prokaryotic

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example of prokaryotes

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bacteria, archaea

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contains internal membrane bound structures

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Eukaryotic

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–Has a nucleus has a cell membrane
–Usually multicellular organisms

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Eukaryotic

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examples of eukaryotes

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Plants, animals, and protists

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The boundary of the cell.

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Plasma membrane

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Plasma membrane is composed of three distinct layers

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Two layers of fat and one layer of protein

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Brain of Cell

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Nucleus

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Bordered by a porous membrane

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nuclear envelope

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Contains thin fibers of DNA and protein called

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chromatid

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produces ribosomal RNA which makes ribosomes.

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nucleolus

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Small non-membrane bound organelles

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Ribosomes

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Site of protein synthesis

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Ribosomes

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Ribosomes contain two subunits

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small subunit and large subunit

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Protein factory of the cell

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Ribosomes

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Ribosomes are either

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free floating or attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Complex network of transport channels.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

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ribosome free and functions in poison detoxification

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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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contains ribosomes and releases newly made protein from the cell

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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A series of flattened sacs that modifies, packages, stores, and transports materials out of the cell.

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Golgi Apparatus

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Works with the ribosomes and Endoplasmic Reticulum.

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Golgi Apparatus

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Recycling Center

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Lysosomes

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Recycle cellular debris

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Lysosomes

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Membrane bound organelle containing a variety of enzymes

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Lysosomes

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internal pH of lysosomes is

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5

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Help digest food particles inside or out side the cell.

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Lysosomes

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Found only in animal cells

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centrioles

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Paired organelles found together near the nucleus, at right angles to each other.

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Centrioles

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Role in building cilia and flagella

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Centrioles

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Play a role in cellular reproduction

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Centrioles

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Framework of the cell

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Cytoskeleton

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Contains small microfilaments and larger microtubules.

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Cytoskeleton

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They support the cell, giving it its shape and help with the movement of its organelles.

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Cytoskeleton

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- Double Membranous - It’s the size of a bacterium - Contains its own DNA; mDNA

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Mitochondrion

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Produces high energy compound ATP

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Mitochondrion

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Chloroplast center section contains

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grana

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make up the grana

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thylakoid

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gel-like material surrounding grana

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stroma

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Found in plants and algae.

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Chloroplast

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Sacs that help in food digestion or helping the cell maintain its water balance.

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Vacuole

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Extra structure surrounding its plasma membrane in plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria.

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Cell Wall

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cell wall of plants

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Cellulose

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cell wall of fungi

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chitin

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cell wall of bacteria

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peptidoglycan