Science year 9 > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

What are the two types of microscopes

A

Electron and light

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2
Q

What are the parts of a microscope

A

Eye piece, eye piece lense, objective lense, arm, clips, stage, coarse focusing wheel, fine focusing wheel, light, base

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3
Q

What magnification does the eye piece lense have

A

10x

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4
Q

Pros and cons of electron microscope

A

Pros- higher resolution, higher magnification, 3D

Cons- Cumbersome (large), B/W images, expensive

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5
Q

Pros and cons of light microscope

A

Pros- easy to carry, coloured, cheap

Cons- lower resolution, lower magnification, 2D

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6
Q

What is the resolution

A

How much fine detail is visible

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7
Q

What is the magnification

A

Total enlargement of an image

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8
Q

What is the image size / magnification triangle

A

I, AM (I at the top, AM at the bottom)
I- Image
A- Actual size (measured in micro meters)
M- Magnification

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9
Q

How many micro meters is 1mm

A

1000

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10
Q

Parts of an animal cell

A

Cytoplasm, mitochondria, cell membrane, nucleus, ribosomes

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11
Q

Parts of plant cell

A

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes, cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuole

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12
Q

What are organelles

A

The structures inside cells

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13
Q

Purpose of mitochondria

A

Produces energy through respiration

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14
Q

Purpose of cytoplasm

A

Where chemical reactions happen

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15
Q

Purpose of nucleus

A

Controls cell activity, stores DNA

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16
Q

Purpose of cell wall

A

structure

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17
Q

Purpose of chloroplasts

A

Allows plant to photosynthesise

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18
Q

Purpose of cell membrane

A

Controls what goes in and out

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19
Q

Purpose of vacuole

A

Contains cell sap (water and nutrients), provide structure

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20
Q

Purpose of ribosomes

A

Make proteins (protein synthesis)

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21
Q

Multicellular

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A

Consists of many cells

22
Q

Unicellular

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A

Consists of one cell

23
Q

What are the 2 types of cells

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A

Eukaryotic (you), prokaryotic

24
Q

What cells are typically prokaryotic

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A

Bacteria/ cyanobacteria

25
What cells are typically eukaryotic
Fungi, plants, animals, protists
26
Prokaryotic cell features
Simple Small Old No nucleus No membrane bound organelles Single celled Singular circular chromosome
27
Eukaryotic cell features
Big New Complex Has nucleus Has membrane bound organelles Single& multi cellular Multiple linear chromosomes
28
What are specialised cells
Cells that develop specific sub cellular structures to make the cell’s function more efficient
29
Examples of specialised cells
Sperm Egg Ciliated Root hair Xylem Nerve Muscle Red blood Phloem
30
Sperm adaptive structures
Streamlined head with enzymes to break down outer lining of egg Nucleus contains chromosomes Middle sections has ++ mitochondria Flagellum allows sperm to move quicker
31
Muscle cell adaptive structures
Filament bundles slid over each other to contract ++ mitochondria Connected together for more force
32
Red blood cell adaptive structures
Haemoglobin binds oxygen no nucleus (more space) Thin cell membrane (diffusion&squeezing) Biconcave disc shape (+surface area)
33
Nerve Cell adaptive structures
Axon- stretches through nervous system Dendrites- extend to make network of connections with other neurones Myelin sheath- fatty layer around axon (allows electrical impulse to be carried for + distances)
34
Ciliated cell adaptive structures
Tall/ narrow- more cells can make lining Cilia- hairs increase SA/ waft debris in lungs
35
Root hair adaptive structures
Long extension- + SA Semi permeable membrane- water/ mineral ions can pass Cytoplasm- no chloroplasts (the cell is underground) to save room
36
Xylem cell adaptive structures
Forms hollow tube- transportation Lignin- strong substance (support)
37
Phloem cell adaptive structures
Companion cells-+ mitochondria for active transport Sieve tube plate- + holes (better flow of sugars)
38
What is diffusion
The spreading of a gas or any substance in solution from an area of high concentration to low concentration
39
What is a partially permeable mebrane
A membrane that allows some (typically smaller) substances to pass
40
What affects diffusion rate
concentration gradient temperature Surface area Distance
41
What is a concentration gradient
The concentration difference between 2 solutions
42
What is osmosis
The diffusion of water molecules form ana rea of high concentration to low concentration across a partially permeable membrane
43
What is the potato osmosis experiment
1. Cut potato into equal sizes 2. Blot the potato (remove excess surface moisture) 3. Weight potato 4. Place potato in different solute concentrations 5. Remove after 24 hours and blot 6. Reweigh In the hypotonic solution, the potato should’ve gained mass Hypertonic- lost mass Isotonic- no change in mass
44
Why do we need osmosis
To maintain homeostasis (same water levels around cell to prevent shrivelling/ bursting)
45
What is a turgid plant cell
A rigid cell full of water because it is in a hypotonic solution
46
What is a flaccid plant cell
A wilting cell less full of water in an isotonic solution
47
What is a hypertonic solution
Higher concentration of solutes (salts/ sugars) than cells so a lower water concentration
48
What is a hypotonic solution
Lower concentration of solutes (salts/ sugars) than cells (higher water concentration)
49
What is an isotonic solution
The solute concentration is the same as the cells (no net movement)
50
How to find out the percentage change in mass
(Change in mass/ start mass) x 100
51
What is active transport
The movement of particles against the concentration gradient (low conc.-high conc.) This requires energy
52
Examples of active transport
Plants- roots absorb mineral ions from soil Humans- glucose at the end of the intestine
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