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Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Define the term “eukaryotic cell”. (F)

A

Cell with a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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2
Q

Outline the structure of the nucleus. (F)

A
  • contains DNA associated with histone proteins
  • surrounded by nuclear envelope
  • has a nucleolus
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3
Q

Outline the structure of the nucleolus. (F)

A
  • area within nucleus

- made of proteins and RNA

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4
Q

Outline the structure of the nuclear envelope. (F)

A
  • double membrane

- nuclear pores

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5
Q

Outline the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). (F)

A
  • network of membranes enclosing flattened sacs called cisternae
  • ribosomes
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6
Q

Outline the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). (F)

A
  • network of membranes enclosing flattened sacs called cisternae
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7
Q

Outline the structure of the Golgi apparatus. (F)

A
  • compact
  • cisternae
  • no ribosomes
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8
Q

Outline the structure of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells. (F)

A
  • made of a large and small subunit
  • made from rRNA
  • 80s
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9
Q

Outline the structure of the mitochondria. (F)

A
  • highly folded double membrane to form cristae
  • interior fluid called matrix
  • enzymes used in aerobic respiration
  • some DNA
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10
Q

Outline the structure of lysosomes. (F)

A
  • vesicle

- contains digestive (hydrolytic) enzymes

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11
Q

Outline the structure of chloroplasts. (F)

A
  • double membrane
  • enclosed fluid called stroma
  • internal membrane network form flattened sacs called thylakoids
  • several thylakoids stacked together called granum (pl. grana) which are joined by lamellae
  • grana contain chlorophyll pigments
  • starch grains
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12
Q

Outline the structure of the plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells. (F)

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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13
Q

Outline the structure of the centrioles. (F)

A
  • microtubules

- centrosome formed from two associated centrioles

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14
Q

Outline the structure of the cell wall in eukaryotic cells. (F)

A
  • made from cellulose

- freely permeable

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15
Q

Outline the structure of flagella in eukaryotic cells. (F)

A
  • microtubules

- 9 + 2 formation

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16
Q

Outline the structure of the cilia. (F)

A
  • microtubules

- 9 + 2 formation

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17
Q

State 3 similarities between a typical plant and animal cell.

A
  • both have mitochondria
  • both have a nucleus
  • both have a plasma membrane
  • etc.
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18
Q

Describe how different organelles and molecules are involved in the process of protein production and trafficking in a cell. (F)

A

Nucleus: produces mRNA that codes for protein

Ribosome: synthesises protein

RER: packages protein in vesicles in cisternae

Cytoskeleton: transports vesicles

Golgi apparatus: structurally modifies proteins and packages into secretory vesicles

Plasma membrane: fuses with vesicles to release contents by exocytosis

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19
Q

Outline the structure of the 3 components of the cytoskeleton. (F)

A

Microfilaments:

  • contractile fibres
  • formed from actin (protein)

Microtubules:

  • formed from tubulin (protein)
  • scaffold-like structure
  • tubes

Intermediate fibres:
- fibrous

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20
Q

Describe the functions of the cytoskeleton in a cell. (F)

A
  • shape and stability of cell
  • hold organelles in place
  • controls cell movement
  • controls organelle movement
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21
Q

Describe the importance of the cytoskeleton in movements of chromosomes, cilia, flagella and vesicles.

A
  • spindle fibres are made of microtubules, which segregate chromosomes in cell division
  • microtubules make up cilia and flagella and allow them to contract and move
  • microtubules form a scaffold-like structure that acts as tracks for vesicle movement in cells
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22
Q

Define the term “prokaryotic cell”. (F)

A

cell with no true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

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23
Q

List examples of prokaryotic cells.

A
  • staphylococcus

- steptococcus

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24
Q

Outline the structure of the cell wall in prokaryotic cells. (F)

A
  • made from peptidoglycan

- freely permeable

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25
Outline the structure of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells. (F)
- 70s | - large and small subunit
26
Outline the structure of the bacterial flagellum in prokaryotic cells. (F)
- no 9+2 arrangement - energy to rotate supplied from chemiosmosis - attached to plasma membrane
27
Outline the structure of the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells. (F)
Phospholipid bilayer
28
Outline the structure of plasmids in prokaryotic cells. (F)
- circular | - small segment of DNA
29
Outline the structure of the bacterial chromosome in prokaryotic cells. (F)
- single molecule of DNA | - no associated histones
30
Outline the structure of the cytoskeleton in prokaryotic cells. (F)
Made of different fibres
31
Outline the structure of pili in prokaryotic cells. (F)
- fibre that protrudes from cell surface | - sticky
32
Outline the structure of the slime capsule in prokaryotic cells. (F)
- sticky - thick - surrounds cell
33
State the similarities between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. (F)
- both have a cytoskeleton | - both have a cell surface membrane
34
Define the term "ultrastructure".
The features which can be seen by using an electron microscope
35
Outline the function of the nucleus. (F)
- protects DNA - DNA directs synthesis of proteins in cell - DNA controls metabolic activities of a cell
36
Outline the function of the nucleolus. (F)
Produces ribosomal RNA (rRNA) to form ribosomes
37
Outline the function of the nuclear envelope. (F)
- protects DNA from damage in cytoplasm | - allows molecules to move into and out of the nucleus
38
Outline the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). (F)
Protein synthesis and transport
39
Outline the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). (F)
Lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and storage
40
Outline the function of the Golgi apparatus. (F)
Modifies and packages proteins into vesicles
41
Outline the function of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells. (F)
Site of protein synthesis
42
Outline the function of mitochondria. (F)
Produces ATP from aerobic respiration
43
Outline the function of lysosomes. (F)
Breaks down waste material in cells
44
Outline the function of chloroplasts. (F)
Site of photosynthesis
45
Outline the function of the plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells. (F)
Allows molecules to move into and out of the cell
46
Outline the function of centrioles. (F)
Assemble and organisation of spindle fibres during cell division
47
Outline the function of the cell wall in eukaryotic cells. (F)
- substances can pass into and out of cell - give cell shape - supports cell - defence mechanism
48
Outline the function of flagella in eukaryotic cells. (F)
- cell motility | - sometimes for sensing chemical changes
49
Outline the function of cilia. (F)
- mobile or stationary | - cause fluids or objects adjacent to the cell to move
50
State 3 differences between a typical plant and animal cell.
- A have centrioles, P don't - P have chloroplasts, A don't - P have a cell wall, A don't - etc.
51
List examples of eukaryotic cells.
- skin cells - cheek cells - mesophyll cells
52
Outline the function of the cell wall in prokaryotic cells. (F)
Allows for molecules to go in and out of the cell
53
Outline the function of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells. (F)
Site of protein synthesis
54
Outline the function of the bacterial flagellum in prokaryotic cells. (F)
Movement of the cell
55
Outline the function of the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells. (F)
Allows molecules to move into and out of the cell.
56
Outline the function of plasmids in prokaryotic cells. (F)
Can be shared across different bacteria for evolution
57
Outline the function of the bacterial chromosome in prokaryotic cells. (F)
- directs protein synthesis | - directs metabolic activities within the cell
58
Outline the function of the cytoskeleton in prokaryotic cells. (F)
- cell shape - organelle position - organelle movement
59
Outline the function of the pili in prokaryotic cells. (F)
Allow cells to stick together or to a surface
60
Outline the function of the slime capsule in prokaryotic cells. (F)
Protection
61
State the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. (F)
- E has a nucleus, P doesn't - E has linear DNA, P has circular DNA - DNA in E associates with histones, DNA in P is folded and condensed with proteins - E has extra DNA in specific organelles, P has extra DNA in plasmids - E has membrane-bound organelles, P has non membrane-bound organelles - E has a cellulose/chitin cell wall, P has a peptidoglycan cell wall - E has 80s ribosomes, P has 70s ribosomes
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