What is the function the cell surface membrane?
- controls movement of substances in and out of the cell
- delicates the lipid and protein membrane encasing cytoplasm
- is the phospholipid bilayer
What is the function of the nucleus?
- where genetic material is
- it’s double stranded wrapped around histones (protein) to make chromatin
- largest organelle
What are organelles?
- membrane bound cell parts
- have unique structures and functions
- located in cytoplasm
What is the function of the nuclear envelope?
- has holes called pores to allow template/mRNA into cytoplasm to the ribosomes
What is the function of the nucleolus?
- produces rRNA which combined with proteins makes ribosomes
What is the function of the mitochondria?
- aerobic respiration
- converts oxygen and glucose into energy (ATP)
What is the function of the ribosomes (80s) in plant and animal cells?
- site of protein synthesis
- made of 2 subunits made from rRNA
- can be free floating or attached to RER
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
Smooth ER: builds lipids and carbohydrates
Rough ER: stores proteins
What is the function of the golgi apparatus?
- takes in ‘sacs’ of raw materials from the ER
- packages and sends out sacs containing finished cell products
What is the function of vesicles?
- tiny sacs of golgi cell membrane
- contains finished products which it then transports around the cell
What is the function of the lysosomes?
- sac filled with digestive enzymes
- form from vesicles
- digest worn out parts of the cell, digest viruses
What is the function of the centrioles?
- protein tubules that form ‘spindle’s in mitosis: pulls apart DNA
- forms cilia and flagella
What is the function of cilia/flagella?
- cilia shorter and more numerous
- locomotion
- cilia on sensory organs
- 9+2 formation
What is the function of cellulose cell wall?
- maintain cell shape
- stops cell rupturing during osmosis
- rigid shape
- prevents pathogens
What is the function of chloroplasts?
- photosynthesis
- contains chlorophyll
- double membrane
- stoma is the fluid inside
- lamellae is the membrane joining the grana
- granum is 1 stack of thylakoid disks
What is the function of the permeant vacuole?
- contains cell sap/water
- keeps shape
- maintains cell turgor pressure
- semi-permeable membrane (tonoplast)
What are the three elements of the cytoskeleton?
- microtubules
- microfilaments
- intermediate filaments
What is the function of microtubules?
- maintain shape of cell
- movement of organelles, chromosomes during cell division and cilia/flagella
What is the function of microfilaments?
- maintain shape of cell
- slide past myosin allowing muscle cells to contract and relax
- pseudopodia
- contractile ring allows cytokinesis in cell division
What is the function of intermediate filaments?
- maintain shape and stability
- anchors for organelles
- movement of mRNA out of nucleus
What is the function of the peptidoglycan cell wall?
- made of sugars and amino acids (instead of cellulose)
- rigid shape
- maintains shape, defence mechanism
- has peptidoglycan structure
What is the function of the slime capsule?
- very outer layer
- helps bacteria stick to surfaces e.g. urinary tract
What is the function of the DNA loop / plasmid?
- DNA in single chromosomes/no histones
- plasmid are small loops of DNA
- plasmid contain genes for antibiotic resistance, copied and passed to other bacteria
How are ribosomes in bacteria different to those in eukaryotic cells?
- smaller
- 70s
- don’t make proteins as complex
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Water13
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Carbohydrates21
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Cells Structure27
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Testing for Carbohydrates12
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Types of Microscopes20
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Lipids and Proteins72
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Plasma Membrane21
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Transports across membrane19
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Nucleic Acids23
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DNA Replication and the Genetic Code19
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Protein Synthesis18
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ATP8
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The Cell Cycle49
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The organisation and specialisation of cells16
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Stem Cells26
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Enzymes47
