BIOSCI 107 > Cells & Tissues - Systems > Flashcards

Cells & Tissues - Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

how does the body regulate its own internal environment?

A

homeostasis

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2
Q

the science of body structures and the relationships among them

A

Anatomy

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3
Q

the science of body functions - how the body works

A

Physiology

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4
Q

Name the 4 Basic Tissue types

A

Epithelial Tissue
Connective Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue

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5
Q

The study of tissues of the body

A

Histology

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6
Q

Name the six levels of structural organization of the human body

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ
  5. System (also known as Organ-System Level)
  6. Organismal
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7
Q

Name the eleven systems of the human body

A
  1. Integumentary
  2. Muscular
  3. Skeletal
  4. Nervous
  5. Endocrine
  6. Lymphatic and Immune
  7. Cardiovascular
  8. Respiratory
  9. Digestive
  10. Urinary
  11. Reproductive
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8
Q

chemical level - name examples

A

the building blocks of the body - atoms form to make molecules

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9
Q

cellular level

A

basic structural and functional units of the body - smooth muscle cells

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10
Q

tissue level

A

groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function e.g. epithelial tissue

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11
Q

organ level

A

organs are structures with specific functions composed of two or more types of tissue e.g. heart

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12
Q

system level

A

consists of related organs with a common function - digestive system

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13
Q

organismal level

A

all parts of the body function together to constitute a living organism - me

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14
Q

name the 6 components of the integumentary system

Call him so she never sees

A
  1. Cutaneous membranes (epidermis/dermis/hypodermis)
  2. Hair follicles
  3. Sebaceous glands
  4. Sweat glands
  5. Nails
  6. Sensory Receptors
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15
Q

what makes up the cutaneous membrane (skin) + give primary functions

A
  1. Epidermis
    - protects deeper tissues by covering the surface
  2. Dermis
  • Vitamin D production
  • provides nutrients to the epidermis “feeds the epidermis”
  • strength
  • where glands are found
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16
Q

what is the function of the sweat glands?

- and what gland does it include

A

thermoregulation - evaporative cooling via sweat

mammary glands

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17
Q

what is the function of the hair follicle?

- and what are the 2 subsets and functions?

A

A hair follicle is for sensation from innervation nerves

  • hair is for protection
  • sebaceous glands are for lubricating hair shaft and epidermis and removes waste
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18
Q

what is the function of the nails?

A

protecting and stiffening digits

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19
Q

what is the function of the sensory receptors?

A

detects sensations - touch, pressure, temperature & pain

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20
Q

what is the function of the hypodermis?

A

stores fat. the lowest level of the skin

- also attaches skin to deeper layers

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21
Q

what are the two components of the muscular system?

A
  1. Skeletal muscles
    - axial muscles and appendicular muscles
  2. Tendons and apponeuroses
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22
Q

what are the subsets of skeletal muscles and their function?

A
  1. Axial
    - provides support and positioning of the axial skeletal
  2. Appendicular
    - support and move and brace limbs
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23
Q

what is a tendon?

- and what is the connective tissue type?

A

muscle to bones attachments

- has a dense regular connective tissue

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24
Q

what is the function of aponeuroses? - where can you find this?

A

a fibrous muscle to muscle connection (between two different sets of muscle)

e.g. abdominal muscles (6 pack)

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25
what is the function of tendons and aponeuroses?
translates contractile forces into tasks
26
what are the components of the skeletal system?
bones, cartilage, joints and bone marrow (red and yellow), axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton
27
what are the subsets of bone, cartilage, and joints? + function
axial skeleton: - protects brain and spinal cord, sense organs and soft tissues of thorax - support body weight over lower limbs Appendicular skeleton: - provides internal support and positioning of the external limbs - supports the axial skeleton and aids in movement
28
what are the 2 subsets of bone marrow and their functions?
red - Red blood cell production (in the flat bones like pelvis, sternum etc.) yellow - stores of fat cells/adipocyte storage (cavities of long bones in the medullary cavity(hollow part of the bone that contains bone marrow) where the adipose tissue (body fat) is stored
29
what are the 3 components of the nervous system?
CNS PNS Special senses
30
what are the 2 components of the nervous system?
CNS | PNS
31
what is the roles of CNS
1. control center (engages brain and spinal cord) | 2. short-term control over other systems
32
what are the 2 subsets of CNS?
1. Brain | 2. Spinal cord
33
what is the function of the brain?
1. complex integrative activities - tasks information and responds to chemical and neurological inputs to provide an intergrated response for the rest of the body in terms of how it acts/maintains homeostasis 2. controls voluntary and involuntary tasks voluntary - things we can will ourselves to do involuntary - actions going on in the background that keep our body functioning
34
what is the function of the spinal cord?
1. relays information from the brain | 2. performs less complex integrative activities, although still have integrative activities e.g. reflexes
35
what is the role of PNS
links CNS with other systems and sense organs e.g. provides nerve impulse
36
what is the role of special senses?
sensory input to the brain for senses & homeostasis (considered part of the PNS)
37
what are the 3 components which make the cardiovascular system?
heart blood vessels blood
38
what are the 3 types of blood vessels and their functions?
capillaries - diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids (fluid between cells) arteries - carry blood AWAY from the heart to capillaries veins - returns blood from capillaries to the heart
39
what are the functions of blood? (6)
1. Transport O2 and CO2 2. Transports nutrients and hormones 3. Removes waste 4. Regulation of temp 5. Defense against illness (e.g. immune cells) 6. Acid-base balance (-HCO3)
40
what are the components of the lymphatic system?
lymphatic vessels thymus spleen lymph nodes - including tonsils
41
what is the role of the thymus?
controls development and maintenance of the T cell lymphocytes (white blood cells)
42
what is the role of the spleen?
1. recycles red blood cells - removes any old or damages ones 2. monitors circulation of blood cells - white blood cells/red blood cells/platelets 3. stimulates immune response 4. phagocytosis (engulfs) of pathogens
43
what is the role of the lymph nodes?
1. monitor composition of lymph 2. phagocytosis of pathogens 3. stimulates immune response
44
what are the common functions of the spleen and lymph nodes?
phagocytosis of pathogens and stimulates an immune response
45
what is the role of the lymphatic vessels?
1. carry lymph fluid (water and protein) and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues (tissues of the immune system) to veins of the cardiovascular system
46
what are the three components of the male repo system?
testes accessory organs external genitalia
47
what makes up the accessory organs & how are they related in males
produces sperm - both seminal and prostate glands produce seminal fluid/sperm (ductus deferens, seminal glands, prostate gland, urethra)
48
what makes up external male genitalia + function
penis - reproduction and thermal | scrotum - control testes
49
what are the 5 components of the female repro system?
``` ovaries uterine tubes uterus vagina and external genitalia mammary glands ```
50
what do you find in the ovaries?
oocytes and hormones
51
what are the functions of the uterine tubes?
delivers oocyte and location of fertilisation
52
what is the role of vagina and external genitalia
lubrication and sperm reception and birth canal
53
what is the role of the uterus?
embryonic development
54
what is the role of the mammary glands
nutrition for new-born
55
what are the 4 components of the urinary system?
kidneys ureters bladder urethra
56
what is the role of kidneys? (4)
form and concentrate urine regulate pH and ions blood volume and blood pressure endocrine function - assists in production of blood cells and mineral balance
57
what do kidneys do in the endocrine system?
secretes EPO (erythropoietin hormone) which increases red blood cell production
58
what is the role of the bladder?
stores urine before elimination
59
what is the role of the ureters?
conducts urine to bladder
60
what is the role of urethra?
conducts urine to exterior
61
what are the components of the respiratory system?
nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses pharynx larynx trachea bronchi lungs
62
what is the role of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses?
filters warm humidify air and detects smells
63
what is the role of the pharynx?
conducts air to larynx
64
what is the role of the larynx
protects opening to trachea contains vocal cords for vocalization
65
what is the role of the trachea?
conducts/filters air cartilage keeps it open
66
what is the role of the bronchi?
conducts air between trachea and lungs
67
what is the role of the lungs?
air movement gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveoli acid base control
68
what are the 9 components of the endocrine system?
1. pineal gland 2. hypothalamus/pituitary gland 3. thyroid gland 4. parathyroid gland 5. thymus 6. adrenal glands 7. kidneys 8. pancreas 9. gonads
69
what is the role of the pancreas?
in the endocrine system - glucose function secretes insulin from beta cells of pancreas islets of Langerhans exocrine system - gives out enzymes to aid in digestion
70
what is the role of the thyroid gland?
metabolic rate calcium levels
71
what is the role of the kidney?
- RBC production - blood pressure up - calcium levels
72
what is the role of thymus?
maturation and development of lymphocytes
73
what is the role of the hypothalamus/pituitary gland?
controls many other endocrine glands regulates growth regulates fluid balance
74
what is the role of the parathyroid?
regulates calcium levels in the blood
75
what is the adrenal gland?
- water and mineral balance e.g. aldosterone - tissue metabolism e.g. cortisol - cardio and resp function e.g. adrenaline - fight or flight
76
what is the pineal gland
- manages biological rhythms (day/night timing)
77
what is the function of the gonads?
produce sperm and ova and secrete hormones - sexual characteristics and reproduction
78
testes and ovaries - which systems?
endocrine and reproductive
79
mammary glands - which system?
endocrine integumentary reproductive
80
thymus - what systems?
endocrine | lymphatic
81
kidney - what systems?
urinary | endocrine
82
pancreas - what systems?
endocrine | digestive
83
production of blood cells - which systems?
muscular skeletal lymphatic
84
regulation of blood volume- which systems?
urinary | endocrine
85
pharynx - what systems?
digestive | respiratory
86
urethra - which systems?
male reproductive system | urinary
87
transport of O2 and CO2 - which systems?
CV | respiratory
88
acid base regulation - what system?
respiratory cardiov endocrine
89
what are the 10 components of the digestive system
oral cavity salivary glands pharynx esophagus stomach small intest liver gallbladder pancreas large in
90
function of gallbladder?
concentrates bile
91
function of oral cavity?
breaks up food working with teeth and tongue
92
function of the pancreas in digestive?
digestive enzymes buffers endocrine cells
93
function of salivary glands?
buffers and lubricant enzymes that begin digestion - amylase etc.
94
function of stomach?
secretes acid (HCl) contains enzymes and hormones
95
function of liver?
secretes bile | regulates nutrients in blood
96
function of small intest
digestive enzymes buffers contain hormones and absorb nutrients
97
function of large intest?
water removal | waste storage and removal
BIOSCI 107
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