1
Q
2 hallmarks of irreversible cell injury
A
- Membrane destruction
2. Mitochondrial damage (no ETC)
2
Q
Necrosis:
- Pyknosis
- Karyolysis
- Karyhorrhexis
A
- Nuclear shrinkage (because a small basophilic mass)
- Decreased basophilia of chromatin (loss of DNA)
- Fragmentation of nucleus
3
Q
What leaks out of the mitochondrial membrane causing apoptosis for both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways?
A
Cytochrome c
4
Q
Common apoptosis pathway
- Pro apoptotic proteins
- Anti apoptotic proteins
A
- BAX-BAK
2. BCL2
5
Q
Intrinsic apoptotic pathway caspace
A
Caspace 9
6
Q
Extrinsic apoptitic pathway caspace
A
Caspace 8 Caspace 10 (human)
7
Q
Necroptosis is caspace independent; is activates what complexes?
A
- RIP 1 and RIP 3
8
Q
Russell bodies are seen in what cells?
A
Plasma cells producing excessive Immunoglobulins
9
Q
Lipofuschin is the wear and tear pigment; it is a sign of?
A
Free radical injury: (lipids inside complex)
10
Q
What substance is black in urine of alkaptonuria?
A
Homogentisic acid (ochronosis)
11
Q
Nutrient deficiency increases longevity by?
A
Decreasing IGF/insulin signaling leading to INCREASED sirtuins
